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<title>Hansen Econometrics</title>
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<item>
  <title>子集内生性检验</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-30-endogeneity-subset/</link>
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<!-- 我是一名大学教师，我将为研究生讲授《高级计量经济学》课程。我将使用Hansen 2021的英文教材。我现在需要复现Hansen教材中 12.30节"## Subset Subset Endogeneity Tests"内容。请根据chpt12-iv.qmd文件中节 "## Subset Subset Endogeneity Tests"内容，整理关于子集内生性检验内容的理论分析过程。整理后的内容放到index.qmd文件中。要求：a.使用段落式文本，b.使用quarto 文档的markdown格式，c.使用中文进行整理，d.注意块公式前后的双美元符号要独立一行。另外，你在整理内容时，要保持与原文内容一致，不要添加非原文内容。整理的内容主要包括：1.子集内生性检验的定义，2.子集内生性检验的原理，3.子集内生性检验的统计量计算方法。 -->
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<p>本节复现Hansen 12.30子集内生性检验。以Card(1995)为例，将变量分为X1(外生)、X2(待检验edu)、X3(exp,exp2)，在同方差下依据Durbin–Wu–Hausman比较两种2SLS设定，构造DWH统计量并以<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi%5E2">判别，并辅以Wu–Hausman F诊断，判断edu是否为子集内生变量，从而指导是否采用2SLS估计。</p>
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<p><img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-30-endogeneity-subset/images/endogeneity-subset-test.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<!-- 我打算使用AI工具生成一张图片，展示本文中提到的子集内生性检验。请根据本文内容，帮我生成提示词。图片风格为简约学术风格。图片大小为1200x800像素。图片填充整个页面，边距不要留白。 -->
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<h2 class="hidden unnumbered unlisted anchored" data-anchor-id="图片生成提示词">图片生成提示词</h2>
<p>Minimalist academic infographic, size 1200x800 pixels, white background, full-bleed (no margins or whitespace), clean thin lines, restrained color palette (deep blue/gray/black).</p>
<p>Layout: - Top title (centered): “Subset Endogeneity Tests” in a light sans-serif. - Middle: model and regressor partition diagram: - Three parallel boxes: <code>X1 (exogenous)</code>, <code>X2 (to test: edu)</code>, <code>X3 (endogenous: exp, exp2)</code>. - Box on the right for instruments: <code>Z (includes X1: public, private, age, age2)</code>, with arrows pointing to <code>X3</code> and the structural equation. - Thin connectors from <code>X1, X2, X3</code> to a structural equation box: <code>Y = X1'β1 + X2'β2 + X3'β3 + e</code>; small annotation beside it: <code>E[Z e] = 0</code>. - Bottom: testing principle and statistic: - Left mini-card: <code>H0: X2 exogenous (E[X2 e] = 0)</code>. - Two 2SLS paths: 1) <code>Use (Z, X2) in 2SLS → β̂2</code> 2) <code>Use Z in 2SLS → β̃2</code> - Right formula card (visual, not copy-perfect): <code>T = (β̂2 − β̃2)' [Var(β̃2) − Var(β̂2)]^{-1} (β̂2 − β̃2)</code>, with decision rule: <code>T ~ χ²(k2)</code>, <code>k2 = dim(X2)</code>.</p>
<p>Style: - Grid-aligned layout, clear arrows, thin strokes; - Emphasize H0, instrument sets, T-statistic and χ² rule via deep blue or bold; - No decorative textures or gradients; academic, uncluttered look.</p>
</section>
<section id="理论分析过程" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="理论分析过程"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 理论分析过程</h2>
<section id="子集内生性检验的定义" class="level3" data-number="1.1">
<h3 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="子集内生性检验的定义"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> 子集内生性检验的定义</h3>
<p>在某些情况下，我们可能只希望检验变量子集的内生性。在Card邻近性例子中，我们可能希望分别检验教育的外生性，而不包括经验及其平方项。为了执行子集内生性检验，将回归变量分为三组是很有用的，这样结构模型为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0AY%20&amp;=X_%7B1%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cbeta_%7B1%7D+X_%7B2%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cbeta_%7B2%7D+X_%7B3%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cbeta_%7B3%7D+e%20%5C%5C%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%20e%5D%20&amp;=0%20.%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p>如前所述，工具变量向量<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z">包含<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B1%7D">。向量<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B3%7D">被视为内生的，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B2%7D">被视为潜在内生的。要检验的假设是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B2%7D">是外生的，即<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BX_%7B2%7D%20e%5Cright%5D=0">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BX_%7B2%7D%20e%5Cright%5D%20%5Cneq%200">。</p>
</section>
<section id="子集内生性检验的原理" class="level3" data-number="1.2">
<h3 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="子集内生性检验的原理"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> 子集内生性检验的原理</h3>
<p>在同方差性条件下，可以通过Durbin-Wu-Hausman原理构建一个直接的检验。在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BM%7D_%7B0%7D">下，适当的估计量是使用工具变量<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cleft(Z,%20X_%7B2%7D%5Cright)">的2SLS。设<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_%7B2%7D">的这个估计量为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D">。在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D">下，适当的估计量是使用较小工具变量集<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z">的2SLS。设<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_%7B2%7D">的这个估计量为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D">。</p>
</section>
<section id="子集内生性检验的统计量计算方法" class="level3" data-number="1.3">
<h3 data-number="1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="子集内生性检验的统计量计算方法"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> 子集内生性检验的统计量计算方法</h3>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D">的Durbin-Wu-Hausman统计量为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AT=%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D-%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5Cleft%5B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright%5D-%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5Cleft%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright%5D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D-%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright)%20.%0A"></p>
<p>在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D">下的渐近分布是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi_%7Bk_%7B2%7D%7D%5E%7B2%7D">，其中<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_%7B2%7D=%5Coperatorname%7Bdim%7D%5Cleft(X_%7B2%7D%5Cright)">，因此如果<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?T">超过<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi_%7Bk_%7B2%7D%7D%5E%7B2%7D">分布的上临界值，我们就拒绝变量<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B2%7D">是外生的假设。</p>
<p>除了使用Wald统计量外，还可以通过除以<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_%7B2%7D">并使用<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">分布作为临界值来使用检验的<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">版本。然而，这种修改没有有限样本的合理性，因为在原假设下<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B3%7D">是内生的。</p>
<p>在Stata中，在ivregress后使用estat endogenous命令（添加变量名来指定要检验外生性的变量）而不使用稳健协方差选项，会报告这个统计量的<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">版本作为”Wu-Hausman F”。例如，在Card邻近性例子中使用四个工具变量public、private、age和<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?age%5E%7B2%7D">，如果我们用非稳健协方差矩阵通过2SLS估计方程，然后计算教育的内生性检验，我们发现<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F=272">，p值为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?0.0000">，但如果我们计算经验和其平方的检验，我们发现<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F=2.98">，p值为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?0.051">。在这个模型中，同质系数外生性假设被拒绝用于教育，但经验的结果是不明确的。</p>
<p>异方差性或聚类稳健检验不能通过Durbin-Wu-Hausman方法轻易构建，因为协方差矩阵不采用简单形式。为了允许非同方差误差，建议使用GMM估计。参见第13.24节。</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="r代码实证分析" class="level2" data-number="2">
<h2 data-number="2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="r代码实证分析"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> R代码实证分析</h2>
<!-- 现在，我们使用R代码复现Hansen 12.30节内容。实例数据集为`here::here("hansen-programs/Card1995.dta")`。针对4个工具变量模型进行子集内生性检验。模型中，设定内生变量为edu、exp和exp2，外生变量为black、south、urban，工具变量为public、private、age和age2。我们重点考察子集内生变量edu是否真的具有内生性，并计算子集内生性检验结果。请结合理论分析过程，帮我完成R脚本`code-endogeneity-subset.R`代码编写。 -->
<section id="准备r环境" class="level3" data-number="2.1">
<h3 data-number="2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="准备r环境"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> 准备R环境</h3>
<p>首先，加载相关R包。</p>
<p>本文复现使用的R脚本文件和数据集下载链接：</p>
<ul>
<li>R脚本文件：<a href="code-endogeneity-subset.R"><code>code-endogeneity-subset.R</code></a></li>
<li>Card数据集：<a href="Card1995.dta"><code>Card1995.dta</code></a></li>
</ul>
<!-- 请根据理论分析和R代码，帮我编写index.qmd关于子集内生性检验的说明文档。要求：a.使用段落式文本，b.使用quarto 文档的markdown格式，c.使用中文进行整理，d.注意块公式前后的双美元符号要独立一行。另外，代码结果的输出显示可以使用quarto的inline R代码块。 -->
</section>
<section id="数据准备和模型设定" class="level3" data-number="2.2">
<h3 data-number="2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="数据准备和模型设定"><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> 数据准备和模型设定</h3>
<p>本节采用Card (1995)数据，依变量为<code>lwage</code>（对数工资），潜在内生变量集合拆分为三部分： <code>X1 = (black, south, urban)</code>为外生协变量；<code>X2 = (edu)</code>为待检验是否外生的变量；<code>X3 = (exp, exp2)</code>为已知内生变量。工具变量集合为<code>Z = (X1, public, private, age, age2)</code>，并按理论要求包含<code>X1</code>。</p>
<p>在同方差情形下，根据Durbin–Wu–Hausman原理，比较两种2SLS设定：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>在原假设<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0"> 下，教育<code>edu</code>被视为外生，采用工具集合<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?(Z,%20X2)">进行2SLS估计，得到<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2">。</p></li>
<li><p>在备择假设<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1"> 下，教育<code>edu</code>被视为内生，采用较小的工具集合<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z">进行2SLS估计，得到<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2">。</p></li>
</ol>
<p>据此构造统计量（见下节公式），并以<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi%5E2">分布进行判别。</p>
<p>为便于复现实证，本文同时报告三组估计：</p>
<section id="模型0基准模型" class="level4" data-number="2.2.1">
<h4 data-number="2.2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型0基准模型"><span class="header-section-number">2.2.1</span> 模型0：基准模型</h4>
<p>模型0（baseline）：使用<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z"> 作为工具，<code>edu, exp, exp2</code>均作为内生，报告<code>Wu–Hausman F</code>诊断：F = 2.9771，p = 0.0511。</p>
<p>两阶段最小二乘法及诊断结果如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
ivreg(formula = formula_baseline, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.92063 -0.27218  0.02074  0.28186  1.43044 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.74815    0.48338   7.754 1.21e-14 ***
black       -0.06403    0.06301  -1.016 0.309610    
south       -0.08573    0.02563  -3.345 0.000834 ***
urban        0.08348    0.04125   2.024 0.043073 *  
edu          0.15969    0.04090   3.904 9.65e-05 ***
exp          0.04703    0.02502   1.880 0.060213 .  
exp2        -0.03225    0.12811  -0.252 0.801255    

Diagnostic tests:
                         df1  df2 statistic  p-value    
Weak instruments (edu)     4 3002     8.648 6.15e-07 ***
Weak instruments (exp)     4 3002  1215.976  &lt; 2e-16 ***
Weak instruments (exp2)    4 3002  1113.772  &lt; 2e-16 ***
Wu-Hausman                 2 3001     2.977   0.0511 .  
Sargan                     1   NA     0.524   0.4692    
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.4327 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.05111,    Adjusted R-squared: 0.04921 
Wald test: 129.7 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="模型1mathbbh_0" class="level4" data-number="2.2.2">
<h4 data-number="2.2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型1mathbbh_0"><span class="header-section-number">2.2.2</span> 模型1：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?mathbb%7BH%7D_0"></h4>
<p>模型1（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">）：工具为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?(X1,%20X2,%20Z)">，即把<code>edu</code>当作外生（可作为自身工具）；提取<code>edu</code>的系数与方差：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2"> = 0.074，Var = 1.229^{-5}，并报告<code>Wu–Hausman F</code>：F = 0.0175，p = 0.8948。</p>
<p>两阶段最小二乘法及诊断结果如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
ivreg(formula = formula_H0, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.59742 -0.22262  0.02012  0.24224  1.33017 

Coefficients:
             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  4.741658   0.090683  52.288  &lt; 2e-16 ***
black       -0.189569   0.017633 -10.751  &lt; 2e-16 ***
south       -0.125048   0.015184  -8.235 2.64e-16 ***
urban        0.161571   0.015613  10.348  &lt; 2e-16 ***
edu          0.074000   0.003506  21.106  &lt; 2e-16 ***
exp          0.081626   0.016313   5.004 5.95e-07 ***
exp2        -0.214118   0.081811  -2.617  0.00891 ** 

Diagnostic tests:
                         df1  df2 statistic p-value    
Weak instruments (exp)     4 3001 1.214e+29  &lt;2e-16 ***
Weak instruments (exp2)    4 3001 7.482e+03  &lt;2e-16 ***
Wu-Hausman                 1 3002 1.700e-02  0.8948    
Sargan                     2   NA 6.643e+00  0.0361 *  
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.3742 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.2905, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2891 
Wald test: 197.8 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="模型2mathbbh_1" class="level4" data-number="2.2.3">
<h4 data-number="2.2.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型2mathbbh_1"><span class="header-section-number">2.2.3</span> 模型2：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1"></h4>
<p>模型2（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1">）：工具为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?(X1,%20Z)">，视<code>edu</code>为内生；提取<code>edu</code>的系数与方差：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2"> = 0.15969，Var = 0.0016728，并报告<code>Wu–Hausman F</code>：F = 2.9771，p = 0.0511。</p>
<p>两阶段最小二乘法及诊断结果具体如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
ivreg(formula = formula_H1, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.92063 -0.27218  0.02074  0.28186  1.43044 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.74815    0.48338   7.754 1.21e-14 ***
black       -0.06403    0.06301  -1.016 0.309610    
south       -0.08573    0.02563  -3.345 0.000834 ***
urban        0.08348    0.04125   2.024 0.043073 *  
edu          0.15969    0.04090   3.904 9.65e-05 ***
exp          0.04703    0.02502   1.880 0.060213 .  
exp2        -0.03225    0.12811  -0.252 0.801255    

Diagnostic tests:
                         df1  df2 statistic  p-value    
Weak instruments (edu)     4 3002     8.648 6.15e-07 ***
Weak instruments (exp)     4 3002  1215.976  &lt; 2e-16 ***
Weak instruments (exp2)    4 3002  1113.772  &lt; 2e-16 ***
Wu-Hausman                 2 3001     2.977   0.0511 .  
Sargan                     1   NA     0.524   0.4692    
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.4327 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.05111,    Adjusted R-squared: 0.04921 
Wald test: 129.7 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="子集内生性检验统计量与判别规则" class="level3" data-number="2.3">
<h3 data-number="2.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="子集内生性检验统计量与判别规则"><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> 子集内生性检验统计量与判别规则</h3>
<p>在同方差设定下，Durbin–Wu–Hausman统计量为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AT%20=%20%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D-%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5Cleft%5B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright%5D-%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5Cleft%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright%5D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D-%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright).%0A"></p>
<p>当<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_2%20=%20%5Coperatorname%7Bdim%7D(X_2)=1"> 时，上式退化为标量：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AT%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D-%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright)%5E2%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5Cleft%5B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright%5D-%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5Cleft%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright%5D%7D%20%5C;%5Csim%5C;%20%5Cchi%5E2_%7B(1)%7D%20%5Cquad%20(%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0).%0A"></p>
<p>本文对应的实证计算结果为：</p>
<ul>
<li>系数差异：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%20-%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%20="> -0.08569；</li>
<li>估计方差差异：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D-%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D%20="> 0.0016605；</li>
<li>统计量：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?T="> 4.422，p值：0.0355；</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi%5E2_%7B0.95%7D(1)="> 3.841，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi%5E2_%7B0.99%7D(1)="> 6.635。</li>
</ul>
<p>关于F形式统计量（将<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?T"> 除以<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_2"> 并用F分布求p值），在本应用场景下由于<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_3"> 在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0"> 下仍为内生，有限样本上缺乏严格依据，仅供参考：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F="> 4.422，p值：0.0356。</p>
<p>子集内生性检验结果解读：</p>
<ul>
<li>若4.422 超过3.841或p值0.0355 小于0.05，则拒绝<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">：教育<code>edu</code>为外生的假设，认为<code>edu</code>具有内生性；否则不能拒绝外生性假设。结合上文的<code>Wu–Hausman F</code>诊断与DWH统计量的结论，可对<code>edu</code>的外生性作出一致判断；当两者结论不一致时，应优先依据DWH在本节的同方差框架下的判别，并在实际应用中进一步考虑稳健协方差或GMM扩展（参见第13.24节）。</li>
</ul>


</section>
</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>多方程模型</category>
  <category>工具变量</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-30-endogeneity-subset/</guid>
  <pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>内生性检验</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-29-endogeneity/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-tip callout-titled" title="导读">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
<span class="screen-reader-only">提示</span>导读
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>本文复现Hansen教材第12.29节的内生性检验内容，使用Card (1995)数据集分析教育回报率问题。通过四种方法检验教育年限的内生性：Hausman检验、控制函数回归、lmtest Wald检验和Wu-Hausman F检验。理论分析表明这些方法具有等价性，实证结果验证了Hausman T统计量等于控制函数回归中残差项系数t统计量的平方。检验结果支持教育年限存在内生性，应使用2SLS估计而非OLS估计。本文为工具变量模型的内生性诊断提供了完整的理论框架和实证分析。</p>
</div>
</div>
<p><img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-29-endogeneity/images/endogeneity-test.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<section id="图片生成提示词" class="level2 hidden unnumbered unlisted">
<h2 class="hidden unnumbered unlisted anchored" data-anchor-id="图片生成提示词">图片生成提示词</h2>
<p>我打算使用AI工具生成一张图片，展示本文中提到的内生性检验的Hausman检验、控制函数回归、lmtest Wald检验和Wu-Hausman F检验。请根据本文内容，帮我生成提示词。图片风格为简约学术风格。图片大小为1200x800像素。图片填充整个页面。</p>
<p><strong>AI Image Generation Prompt:</strong></p>
<p>Create a minimalist academic infographic showing four endogeneity testing methods in econometrics. Layout: 1200x800 pixels, clean white background.</p>
<p><strong>Title at top:</strong> “Endogeneity Tests” in elegant typography.</p>
<p><strong>Four main sections arranged in 2x2 grid:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Section 1 (Top-left):</strong> “Hausman Test” - Formula: T = (β̂₂ˢᴸˢ - β̂₂ᴼᴸˢ)² / (Var(β̂₂ˢᴸˢ) - Var(β̂₂ᴼᴸˢ)) - Description: “Compare OLS and 2SLS estimator differences” - Visual: Two overlapping circles representing OLS and 2SLS estimates</p>
<p><strong>Section 2 (Top-right):</strong> “Control Function Regression” - Formula: Y = X₁’β₁ + X₂’β₂ + u₂’α + v - Description: “Test significance of residual coefficient α” - Visual: Two-step process diagram with arrows</p>
<p><strong>Section 3 (Bottom-left):</strong> “lmtest Wald Test” - Formula: F = (RSSᵣ - RSSᵤ) / (RSSᵤ/(n-k)) - Description: “F-test for constrained vs unconstrained models” - Visual: Constrained vs unconstrained model comparison</p>
<p><strong>Section 4 (Bottom-right):</strong> “Wu-Hausman F Test” - Formula: F = (β̂ - β̃)’V⁻¹(β̂ - β̃) - Description: “AER package diagnostic test” - Visual: Software package icon with diagnostic symbols</p>
<p><strong>Design elements:</strong> - Color scheme: Deep blue (#1e3a8a) for titles, gray (#6b7280) for text - Mathematical formulas in LaTeX-style formatting - Clean geometric shapes and minimal icons - Professional typography with clear hierarchy - Subtle grid lines to separate sections - Academic paper aesthetic with clean margins</p>
<p><strong>Bottom text:</strong> “Four methods are theoretically equivalent with consistent empirical results”</p>
<p>Style: Academic poster, minimalist design, professional presentation, suitable for econometrics textbook illustration.</p>
</section>
<section id="理论分析过程" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="理论分析过程"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 理论分析过程</h2>
<section id="内生性检验的定义" class="level3" data-number="1.1">
<h3 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="内生性检验的定义"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> 内生性检验的定义</h3>
<p>内生性检验是检验回归变量是否与结构误差项相关的一种统计检验方法。在工具变量模型中，2SLS估计量允许回归变量<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_2">是内生的，即<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_2">与结构误差<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e">相关。如果这种相关性为零，则<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_2">是外生的，结构方程可以通过最小二乘法进行估计。这是一个可检验的约束条件。</p>
<p>内生性检验的原假设为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BX_2%20e%5D%20=%200%0A"></p>
<p>备择假设为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BX_2%20e%5D%20%5Cneq%200%0A"></p>
<p>其中维持假设为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZe%5D%20=%200">。由于<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_1">是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z">的一个组成部分，这意味着<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BX_1%20e%5D%20=%200">。因此，我们也可以将原假设写为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BXe%5D%20=%200">。</p>
</section>
<section id="内生性检验的原理" class="level3" data-number="1.2">
<h3 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="内生性检验的原理"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> 内生性检验的原理</h3>
<p>内生性检验的基本原理基于控制函数回归。回顾控制函数回归（12.59）：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A&amp;Y%20=%20X_1'%20%5Cbeta_1%20+%20X_2'%20%5Cbeta_2%20+%20u_2'%20%5Calpha%20+%20v%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;%5Calpha%20=%20(%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Bu_2%20u_2'%5D)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Bu_2%20e%5D%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p>注意到<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BX_2%20e%5D%20=%200">当且仅当<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Bu_2%20e%5D%20=%200">，因此假设可以重新表述为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0:%20%5Calpha%20=%200">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1:%20%5Calpha%20%5Cneq%200">。因此，一个自然的检验是基于控制函数回归（12.28）中<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha%20=%200">的Wald统计量<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?W">。</p>
<p>在定理12.9、定理12.10和<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">下，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?W">渐近服从<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_2">个自由度的卡方分布。此外，在正态回归假设下，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">统计量具有精确的<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F(k_2,%20n%20-%20k_1%20-%202k_2)">分布。如果<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?W">（或<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">）小于临界值，我们接受<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_2">是外生的原假设；如果统计量大于临界值，我们拒绝原假设，支持<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_2">是内生的假设。</p>
</section>
<section id="hausman-t统计量的计算方法" class="level3" data-number="1.3">
<h3 data-number="1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="hausman-t统计量的计算方法"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> Hausman T统计量的计算方法</h3>
<p>Hausman检验是内生性检验的另一种（也是传统的）方法。在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">下，OLS和2SLS都是一致估计量。但在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1">下，它们收敛到不同的值。因此，OLS和2SLS估计量之间的差异是内生性的有效检验统计量。</p>
<p>设<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_1,%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2)">为OLS估计量，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20(%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_1,%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2)">为2SLS估计量。在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">和同方差性下，OLS估计量是Gauss-Markov有效的，因此根据Hausman等式：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctext%7Bvar%7D%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%20-%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D%20&amp;=%20%5Ctext%7Bvar%7D%5B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D%20-%20%5Ctext%7Bvar%7D%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;=%20%5Cleft(%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_2'(%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D_Z%20-%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D_1)%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_2%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20-%20%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_2'%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_1%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_2%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cright)%20%5Csigma%5E2%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D_Z%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D'%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D'">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D_1%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_1(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_1'%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_1)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_1'">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_1%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_n%20-%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D_1">。</p>
<p><strong>重要说明</strong>：在构建设计矩阵时，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_1">应该包含所有外生变量，包括截距项。这是因为截距项在回归模型中是一个重要的外生变量，在2SLS估计中，外生变量（包括截距）作为自己的工具变量。</p>
<p>因此，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">的有效检验统计量为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AT%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%20-%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2)'%5Cleft(%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_2'(%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D_Z%20-%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D_1)%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_2%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20-%20%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_2'%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_1%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_2%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%20-%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2)%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E2%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E2">是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma%5E2">的某个估计量。</p>
<p><strong>重要说明</strong>：Hausman检验的前提条件是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7Bvar%7D%5B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D%20%3E%20%5Ctext%7Bvar%7D%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D">，即2SLS估计量的方差必须大于OLS估计量的方差。当<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_2%20=%201">（只有一个内生变量）时，检验统计量简化为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AT%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%20-%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2)%5E2%7D%7B%5Ctext%7Bvar%7D%5B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D%20-%20%5Ctext%7Bvar%7D%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">下，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?T">渐近服从<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi_1%5E2">分布。对于有限样本，也可以使用<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">分布进行修正。</p>
<p><strong>重要等价性</strong>：根据Hansen教材的理论，Hausman T统计量与Wald W0统计量具有等价性。具体而言：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>Hausman T统计量</strong>：基于OLS和2SLS估计量差异的检验</li>
<li><strong>Wald W0统计量</strong>：基于控制函数回归中残差项系数<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D">的检验</li>
</ol>
<p>这两种方法在理论上完全等价，即： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AT%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%20-%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2)%5E2%7D%7B%5Ctext%7Bvar%7D%5B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D%20-%20%5Ctext%7Bvar%7D%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%5D%7D%20=%20%5Cleft(%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D%7D%7B%5Ctext%7Bse%7D(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D)%7D%5Cright)%5E2%0A"></p>
<p>其中<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D">是控制函数回归中残差项的系数。这种等价性为内生性检验提供了多种实现方式，但结果应该是一致的。</p>
</section>
<section id="wald-w统计量f形式统计量的计算方法" class="level3" data-number="1.4">
<h3 data-number="1.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="wald-w统计量f形式统计量的计算方法"><span class="header-section-number">1.4</span> Wald W统计量（F形式统计量）的计算方法</h3>
<p>Wald统计量的计算步骤如下：</p>
<p>首先，通过最小二乘法估计简化形式：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AX_%7B2i%7D%20=%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B12%7D'%20Z_%7B1i%7D%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B22%7D'%20Z_%7B2i%7D%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7Bu%7D_%7B2i%7D%0A"></p>
<p>获得残差。然后通过最小二乘法估计控制函数：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY_i%20=%20X_i'%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7Bu%7D_%7B2i%7D'%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7Bv%7D_i%0A"></p>
<p>设<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?W">、<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?W%5E0">和<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F%20=%20W%5E0/k_2">分别表示<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha%20=%200">的Wald、同方差Wald和<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">统计量。</p>
<p><strong>定理12.14</strong>：在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">下，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?W%20%5Cunderset%7Bd%7D%7B%5Clongrightarrow%7D%20%5Cchi_%7Bk_2%7D%5E2">。设<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?c_%7B1-%5Calpha%7D">满足<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BP%7D%5B%5Cchi_%7Bk_2%7D%5E2%20%5Cleq%20c_%7B1-%5Calpha%7D%5D%20=%201%20-%20%5Calpha">。检验”如果<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?W%20%3E%20c_%7B1-%5Calpha%7D">则拒绝<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">“具有渐近水平<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha">。</p>
<p><strong>定理12.15</strong>：假设<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e%20%7C%20X,%20Z%20%5Csim%20N(0,%20%5Csigma%5E2)">。在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">下，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F%20%5Csim%20F(k_2,%20n%20-%20k_1%20-%202k_2)">。设<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?c_%7B1-%5Calpha%7D">满足<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BP%7D%5BF(k_2,%20n%20-%20k_1%20-%202k_2)%20%5Cleq%20c_%7B1-%5Calpha%7D%5D%20=%201%20-%20%5Calpha">。检验”如果<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F%20%3E%20c_%7B1-%5Calpha%7D">则拒绝<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">“具有精确水平<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha">。</p>
<p>由于我们通常不想强加同方差性，这些结果表明最合适的检验是使用稳健异方差协方差矩阵构造的Wald统计量。这可以在Stata中使用命令<code>estat endogenous</code>在<code>ivregress</code>之后计算，当后者使用稳健协方差选项时。Stata以<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">形式报告Wald统计量（因此使用<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">分布计算p值）作为”Robust regression F”。使用<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">而不是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi%5E2">在形式上是不合理的，但这是一个合理的有限样本调整。如果在没有稳健协方差选项的<code>ivregress</code>之后应用命令<code>estat endogenous</code>，Stata将<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?F">统计量报告为”Wu-Hausman F”。</p>
<p>当<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_2%20=%201">（有一个右侧内生变量）时，这在应用中相当常见，内生性检验可以等价地表示为估计控制函数中<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D">的t统计量。因此，估计控制函数回归并检查<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D">的t统计量就足够了。如果<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%7C%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D%7C%20%3E%202">，那么我们可以拒绝<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_2">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta">是外生的假设。</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="r代码实证分析" class="level2" data-number="2">
<h2 data-number="2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="r代码实证分析"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> R代码实证分析</h2>
<!-- 现在，我们使用R代码复现Hansen 12.29节内容。实例数据集为`here::here("hansen-programs/Card1995.dta")`。针对工具变量模型进行内生性检验。模型中，设定内生变量为edu，工具变量为public、private。我们使用2SLS方法估计模型，并计算内生性检验结果。我们使用2SLS方法估计模型，然后计算内生性检验结果。请结合理论分析过程，帮我完成R脚本`code-endogeneity.R`代码编写。 -->
<section id="准备r环境" class="level3" data-number="2.1">
<h3 data-number="2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="准备r环境"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> 准备R环境</h3>
<p>首先，加载相关R包。</p>
<p>本文复现使用的R脚本文件和数据集下载链接：</p>
<ul>
<li>R脚本文件：<a href="code-endogeneity.R"><code>code-endogeneity.R</code></a></li>
<li>Card数据集：<a href="Card1995.dta"><code>Card1995.dta</code></a></li>
</ul>
<!-- 请根据理论分析和R代码，帮我编写index.qmd关于内生性检验的说明文档。要求：a.使用段落式文本，b.使用quarto 文档的markdown格式，c.使用中文进行整理，d.注意块公式前后的双美元符号要独立一行。另外，代码结果的输出显示可以使用quarto的inline R代码块。 -->
</section>
<section id="数据准备和模型设定" class="level3" data-number="2.2">
<h3 data-number="2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="数据准备和模型设定"><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> 数据准备和模型设定</h3>
<p>我们使用Card (1995)的数据集，该数据集包含教育回报率的相关信息。在我们的分析中：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>被解释变量</strong>：<code>lwage</code>（对数工资）</li>
<li><strong>内生变量</strong>：<code>edu</code>（教育年限）</li>
<li><strong>工具变量</strong>：<code>public</code>（公立大学附近）和<code>private</code>（私立大学附近）</li>
<li><strong>控制变量</strong>：<code>exp</code>（工作经验）、<code>exp2</code>（工作经验平方）、<code>black</code>（黑人）、<code>south</code>（南方）、<code>urban</code>（城市）</li>
</ul>
<p>我们使用三种主要方法进行内生性检验，包括：Wu-Hausman F检验（设置summary函数）、控制函数回归方法（t检验、F检验、卡方检验）、Hausman检验（手动计算矩阵方法）。每种方法都基于不同的理论原理，但在理论上应该得到一致的结果。</p>
</section>
<section id="方法1wu-hausman-f检验设置summary函数" class="level3" data-number="2.3">
<h3 data-number="2.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="方法1wu-hausman-f检验设置summary函数"><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> 方法1：Wu-Hausman F检验（设置summary函数）</h3>
<p>针对TSLS拟合模型，使用<code>summary</code>诊断功能进行内生性检验，设置<code>summary(fit_tsls_pp, diagnostics = TRUE)</code>函数进行的endogeneity检验。</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>                 df1  df2  statistic      p-value
Weak instruments   2 3002 13.4953074 1.463030e-06
Wu-Hausman         1 3002  5.5569969 1.847081e-02
Sargan             1   NA  0.8205891 3.650080e-01</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>实证结果</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>Wu-Hausman F统计量: 5.557</li>
<li>Wu-Hausman F检验p值: 0.0185</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="方法2控制函数回归方法" class="level3" data-number="2.4">
<h3 data-number="2.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="方法2控制函数回归方法"><span class="header-section-number">2.4</span> 方法2：控制函数回归方法</h3>
<p>控制函数回归方法通过两步程序进行内生性检验：</p>
<p><strong>第一步</strong>：估计简化形式，将内生变量对工具变量和控制变量进行回归</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0Aedu_%7B2i%7D%20=%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B02%7D%20&amp;+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B12%7D'%20public_i%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B22%7D'%20private_i%20+%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B32%7D'%20exp_i%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B42%7D'%20exp2_i%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B52%7D'%20black_i%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B62%7D'%20south_i%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5CGamma%7D_%7B72%7D'%20urban_i%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7Bu%7D_%7B2i%7D%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p><strong>第二步</strong>：获得残差。然后通过最小二乘法估计控制函数：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0Alwage_i%20=%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_0%20&amp;+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_1'%20edu_i%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2'%20exp_i%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_3'%20exp2_i%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_4'%20black_i%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_5'%20south_i%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_6'%20urban_i%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;+%20%5Cwidehat%7Bu%7D_%7B2i%7D'%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D%20+%20%5Cwidehat%7Bv%7D_i%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p><strong>第三步</strong>：检验残差项系数的显著性。这等价于检验<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0:%20%5Calpha%20=%200">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1:%20%5Calpha%20%5Cneq%200">。</p>
<p>控制方程的回归结果如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
lm(formula = lwage ~ edu + exp + exp2 + black + south + urban + 
    edu_resid, data = control_function_data)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.60445 -0.22102  0.02106  0.24297  1.31906 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.26801    0.62540   5.225 1.86e-07 ***
edu          0.16109    0.03711   4.341 1.46e-05 ***
exp          0.11931    0.01654   7.212 6.94e-13 ***
exp2        -0.23054    0.03188  -7.232 6.01e-13 ***
black       -0.10173    0.04124  -2.467   0.0137 *  
south       -0.09504    0.01971  -4.823 1.49e-06 ***
urban        0.11645    0.02462   4.730 2.35e-06 ***
edu_resid   -0.08787    0.03727  -2.357   0.0185 *  
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.3739 on 3002 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.2918,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.2902 
F-statistic: 176.7 on 7 and 3002 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>其中，控制方程的残差方差为：</p>
<ul>
<li>控制方程残差方差: 0.1398</li>
</ul>
<section id="残差项系数的t检验" class="level4" data-number="2.4.1">
<h4 data-number="2.4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="残差项系数的t检验"><span class="header-section-number">2.4.1</span> 残差项系数的t检验</h4>
<p>对于只有一个内生变量的情况，可以直接检验残差项系数的t统计量显著性。</p>
<p><strong>实证结果</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>edu_resid系数: -0.0879</li>
<li>edu_resid标准误: 0.0373</li>
<li>edu_resid的t统计量: -2.3573</li>
<li>edu_resid的p值: 0.0185</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="wald检验使用lmtest包进行wald受约束检验" class="level4" data-number="2.4.2">
<h4 data-number="2.4.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="wald检验使用lmtest包进行wald受约束检验"><span class="header-section-number">2.4.2</span> Wald检验：使用<code>lmtest</code>包进行Wald受约束检验</h4>
<p>使用<code>lmtest</code>包进行受约束检验，约束控制函数回归中残差项的系数为0。这等价于检验<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0:%20%5Calpha%20=%200">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1:%20%5Calpha%20%5Cneq%200">。</p>
<p><strong>理论基础</strong>：通过F检验或卡方检验比较无约束模型（包含残差项）和受约束模型（不包含残差项）。</p>
<p><strong>实证结果</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>Wald F统计量: 5.557</li>
<li>Wald F检验p值: 0.0185</li>
<li>Wald卡方统计量: 5.557</li>
<li>Wald卡方检验p值: 0.0184</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="卡方检验使用linearhypothesis函数进行受约束检验" class="level4" data-number="2.4.3">
<h4 data-number="2.4.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="卡方检验使用linearhypothesis函数进行受约束检验"><span class="header-section-number">2.4.3</span> 卡方检验：使用<code>linearHypothesis()</code>函数进行受约束检验</h4>
<p>我们也可以使用<code>linearHypothesis()</code>函数进行受约束检验，约束控制函数回归中残差项的系数为0。这等价于检验<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0:%20%5Calpha%20=%200">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1:%20%5Calpha%20%5Cneq%200">。这与<code>lmtest</code>包的检验等价。</p>
<p><strong>理论基础</strong>：通过F检验或卡方检验比较无约束模型（包含残差项）和受约束模型（不包含残差项）。</p>
<p><strong>实证结果</strong>（linearHypothesis检验）：</p>
<ul>
<li>F统计量: 5.557</li>
<li>F检验p值: 0.0185</li>
<li>卡方统计量: 5.557</li>
<li>卡方检验p值: 0.0184</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="方法3hausman检验手动计算矩阵方法" class="level3" data-number="2.5">
<h3 data-number="2.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="方法3hausman检验手动计算矩阵方法"><span class="header-section-number">2.5</span> 方法3：Hausman检验（手动计算矩阵方法）</h3>
<p>Hausman检验通过比较OLS和2SLS估计量的差异来检验内生性。如果变量是外生的，两种估计方法应该得到相似的结果。</p>
<p><strong>理论基础</strong>：在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0">下，OLS和2SLS都是一致估计量，但在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_1">下，它们收敛到不同的值。因此，OLS和2SLS估计量之间的差异是内生性的有效检验统计量。</p>
<p><strong>检验统计量</strong>： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AT=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D-%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cleft(%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B2%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D_%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D_%7B1%7D%5Cright)%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D-%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B2%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_%7B1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D-%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cright)%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2">是OLS估计量，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2">是2SLS估计量。<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma%5E2">是残差方差的估计量(可以考虑使用控制方程的残差方差估计量)。</p>
<p>采用矩阵方法计算得到的<strong>实证结果</strong>如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>OLS估计中edu系数: 0.074</li>
<li>2SLS估计中edu系数: 0.1611</li>
<li>系数差异: -0.0871</li>
<li>sigma^2的估计（来自控制方程）: 0.1398</li>
<li>Hausman T检验统计量: 5.557</li>
<li>Hausman T检验p值: 0.0184</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="结果解释" class="level3" data-number="2.6">
<h3 data-number="2.6" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="结果解释"><span class="header-section-number">2.6</span> 结果解释</h3>
<section id="综合判断" class="level4" data-number="2.6.1">
<h4 data-number="2.6.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="综合判断"><span class="header-section-number">2.6.1</span> 综合判断</h4>
<p>内生性检验的结果将帮助我们判断：</p>
<ul>
<li>控制函数回归结果: t统计量 = -2.3573 (拒绝原假设)</li>
<li>lmtest Wald F检验结果: p值 = 0.0185 (拒绝原假设)</li>
<li>Wu-Hausman F检验结果: p值 = 0.0185 (拒绝原假设)</li>
</ul>
<p>结论: 在5%显著性水平下，拒绝edu是外生的原假设， 即edu是内生的，应该使用2SLS估计。</p>
</section>
<section id="等价性验证" class="level4" data-number="2.6.2">
<h4 data-number="2.6.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="等价性验证"><span class="header-section-number">2.6.2</span> 等价性验证</h4>
<p>根据Hansen教材的理论，Hausman T统计量应该等于控制函数回归中残差项系数的t统计量平方。我们验证这种等价性：</p>
<ul>
<li>Hausman T统计量（矩阵方法）: 5.557</li>
<li>控制函数回归中残差项系数的t统计量平方: 5.557</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="结论" class="level4" data-number="2.6.3">
<h4 data-number="2.6.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="结论"><span class="header-section-number">2.6.3</span> 结论</h4>
<p>内生性检验是工具变量模型中的重要诊断工具。通过多种方法的检验，我们可以：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>验证工具变量的有效性</strong>：如果检验显著，说明存在内生性问题，需要使用2SLS估计</li>
<li><strong>比较不同估计方法</strong>：OLS和2SLS估计结果的差异反映了内生性的影响</li>
<li><strong>确保模型设定的合理性</strong>：检验结果支持我们选择适当的估计方法</li>
</ol>
<p>这种检验对于选择合适的估计方法至关重要，因为如果存在内生性问题而使用OLS估计，会导致参数估计的不一致性。</p>


</section>
</section>
</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>多方程模型</category>
  <category>内生性检验</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-29-endogeneity/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sun, 12 Oct 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>过度识别检验的子集检验</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-32-overidentify-subset/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<!-- 我是一名大学教师，我将为研究生讲授《高级计量经济学》课程。我将使用Hansen 2021的英文教材。我现在需要复现Hansen教材中 12.32节"## Subset OverIdentification Tests"内容。请根据chpt12-iv.qmd文件中节 "## Subset OverIdentification Tests"内容，整理关于过度识别检验的子集检验内容的理论分析过程。整理后的内容放到index.qmd文件中。要求：a.使用段落式文本，b.使用quarto 文档的markdown格式，c.使用中文进行整理，d.注意块公式前后的双美元符号要独立一行。另外，你在整理内容时，要保持与原文内容一致，不要添加非原文内容。整理的内容主要包括：1.过度识别检验的子集检验的定义，2.过度识别检验的子集检验的原理，3.过度识别检验的子集检验的 统计量计算方法。 -->
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-tip callout-titled" title="导读">
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<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
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<span class="screen-reader-only">提示</span>导读
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<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>本节复现Hansen教材第12.32节”子集过度识别检验”内容，以Card (1995)大学邻近性研究为案例。我们构建三个模型：模型1使用大学邻近工具变量，模型2增加父母教育工具变量，模型A仅使用大学邻近工具变量。通过比较N统计量（Newey方法）和C统计量（Sargan差异方法），检验父母教育工具变量的有效性。实证结果显示，两种统计量数值接近，验证了理论等价性，且检验结果支持现代文献观点，即父母教育可能不是有效的工具变量。</p>
</div>
</div>
<p><img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-32-overidentify-subset/images/overidentify-subset-test.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<section id="图片生成提示词" class="level2 hidden unnumbered unlisted">
<h2 class="hidden unnumbered unlisted anchored" data-anchor-id="图片生成提示词">图片生成提示词</h2>
<!-- 我打算使用AI工具生成一张图片，展示本文中提到的子集过度识别检验的N统计量和C统计量。请根据本文内容，帮我生成提示词。 -->
<p>Create a clean, minimalist academic diagram showing subset overidentification tests with focus on model comparison and statistical relationships. The image should include:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>Core Structure:</strong>
<ul>
<li>Three connected boxes in a horizontal flow</li>
<li>Model A (Za only) → Model 2 (Za + Zb) → Subset Test Results</li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Model Specifications (Simple):</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Model A</strong>: Instruments = {public, private, age, age2}</li>
<li><strong>Model 2</strong>: Instruments = {public, private, age, age2, dadedu, momedu}</li>
<li><strong>Subset Test</strong>: Testing validity of {dadedu, momedu}</li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Key Statistical Relationships:</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>S statistic</strong>: Sargan test for Model 2 (full instruments)</li>
<li><strong>Sa statistic</strong>: Sargan test for Model A (subset instruments)</li>
<li><strong>N statistic</strong>: Newey’s optimal test statistic</li>
<li><strong>C statistic</strong>: C = S - Sa (difference statistic)</li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Mathematical Formulas (Prominent):</strong>
<ul>
<li>N = e’R(R’R - R’X(X’X)<sup>(-1)X’R)</sup>(-1)R’e / σ²</li>
<li>C = S - Sa</li>
<li>Asymptotic distribution: χ²(2)</li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Visual Design:</strong>
<ul>
<li>Clean white background</li>
<li>Blue boxes for models, green for statistics</li>
<li>Simple arrows showing relationships</li>
<li>Minimal text, maximum mathematical notation</li>
<li>Professional typography</li>
<li>No decorative elements, focus on content</li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Key Message:</strong>
<ul>
<li>“N statistic ≈ C statistic” (equivalence)</li>
<li>“Test H₀: E[Zb·e] = 0” (null hypothesis)</li>
<li>“df = 2” (degrees of freedom)</li>
</ul></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="理论分析" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="理论分析"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 理论分析</h2>
<section id="过度识别检验的子集检验的定义" class="level3" data-number="1.1">
<h3 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="过度识别检验的子集检验的定义"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> 过度识别检验的子集检验的定义</h3>
<p>过度识别检验的子集检验是过度识别检验的一种特殊形式，它主要用于检验工具变量是否符合外生性假设。通常情况下，对 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%20e%5D=0"> 的检验被解释为模型设定检验。备择假设 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%20e%5D%20%5Cneq%200"> 意味着 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z"> 中至少有一个元素与误差项 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e"> 相关，因此是无效的工具变量。在某些情况下，检验矩条件的子集可能是合理的。</p>
<p>我们将工具变量矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z"> 分割为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z=%5Cleft(Z_%7Ba%7D,%20Z_%7Bb%7D%5Cright)">，其维度分别为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell_%7Ba%7D"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell_%7Bb%7D">，其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Ba%7D"> 包含被认为与 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e"> 不相关的工具变量，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Bb%7D"> 包含可能与 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e"> 相关的工具变量。这种分割必须满足 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell_%7Ba%7D%3Ek">，或者等价地 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell_%7Bb%7D%3C%5Cell-k">。这意味着仅使用工具变量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Ba%7D"> 的模型是过度识别的，或者 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell_%7Bb%7D"> 小于过度识别约束的数量。因此，检验要求 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell-k%3E1">，即过度识别约束的数量超过一个。</p>
</section>
<section id="过度识别检验的子集检验的原理" class="level3" data-number="1.2">
<h3 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="过度识别检验的子集检验的原理"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> 过度识别检验的子集检验的原理</h3>
<p>给定这种分割，维持假设是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ_%7Ba%7D%20e%5Cright%5D=0">。原假设和备择假设分别为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ_%7Bb%7D%20e%5Cright%5D=0"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ_%7Bb%7D%20e%5Cright%5D%20%5Cneq%200">。也就是说，原假设是完整的矩条件集是有效的，而备择假设是工具变量子集 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Bb%7D"> 与 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e"> 相关，因此是无效的工具变量。拒绝 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D"> 而支持 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D"> 被解释为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Bb%7D"> 被错误设定为工具变量的证据。</p>
<p>基于与前一节相同的推理，为了检验 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D"> 对 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D">，我们考虑回归方程（12.66）的分割版本：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Ae=Z_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Calpha_%7Ba%7D+Z_%7Bb%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Calpha_%7Bb%7D+v%0A"></p>
<p>但现在我们关注系数 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha_%7Bb%7D">。给定 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ_%7Ba%7D%20e%5Cright%5D=0">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D"> 等价于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha_%7Bb%7D=0">。该方程通过最小二乘法估计，用2SLS残差 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D"> 替换不可观测的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e_%7Bi%7D">。<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha_%7Bb%7D"> 的估计量为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D_%7Bb%7D=%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Bb%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_%7Ba%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Bb%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Bb%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_%7Ba%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_%7Ba%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_%7Bn%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D">。</p>
</section>
<section id="过度识别检验的子集检验的统计量计算方法" class="level3" data-number="1.3">
<h3 data-number="1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="过度识别检验的子集检验的统计量计算方法"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> 过度识别检验的子集检验的统计量计算方法</h3>
<p>Newey (1985) 证明了检验 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D"> 对 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D"> 的最优（渐近最有效）检验是拒绝得分统计量的较大值：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AN=%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D_%7Bb%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5Cleft%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D_%7Bb%7D%5Cright%5D%5Cright)%5E%7B-%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D_%7Bb%7D=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_%7Ba%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Bb%7D">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D">。</p>
<p>独立地，Eichenbaum、L. Hansen 和 Singleton (1988) 提出了基于Sargan统计量差异的检验。设 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S"> 是基于完整工具变量集的Sargan检验统计量（12.67），<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S_%7Ba%7D"> 是基于工具变量集 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Ba%7D"> 的Sargan统计量。Sargan差异统计量为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?C=S-S_%7Ba%7D">。具体地，设 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%20%5Ctext%20%7B%20sls%20%7D%7D"> 是仅使用工具变量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Ba%7D"> 的2SLS估计量，设 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D=Y_%7Bi%7D-X_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cbeta%7D_%7B2%20s%20l%20s%7D">，设 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D">。则：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AS_%7Ba%7D=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%7D%7B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?C"> 统计量的一个优点是它可以从标准回归输出中相当简单地计算出来。</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?C"> 统计量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S_%7Ba%7D"> 渐近等价于将 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S_%7Ba%7D"> 中的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D"> 替换为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D">，得到统计量：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AC%5E%7B*%7D=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>事实证明，这就是Newey的统计量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?N">。这些检验具有卡方渐近分布。</p>
<p><strong>定理12.17</strong> 在代数上，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?N=C%5E%7B*%7D">。在假设12.2和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5Be%5E%7B2%7D%20%5Cmid%20Z%5Cright%5D=%5Csigma%5E%7B2%7D"> 下，当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Crightarrow%20%5Cinfty"> 时，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?N%20%5Cunderset%7Bd%7D%7B%5Clongrightarrow%7D%20%5Cchi_%7B%5Cell_%7Bb%7D%7D%5E%7B2%7D"> 且 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?C%20%5Cunderset%7Bd%7D%7B%5Clongrightarrow%7D%20%5Cchi_%7B%5Cell_%7Bb%7D%7D%5E%7B2%7D">。因此，检验”如果 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?N%3Ec"> 则拒绝 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D">“和”如果 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?C%3Ec"> 则拒绝 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D">“是渐近等价的，具有渐近显著性水平 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha">。</p>
<p>定理12.17表明 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?N"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?C%5E%7B*%7D"> 是相同的，并且与方便的统计量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?C"> 几乎等价。适当的渐近分布是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi_%7B%5Cell_%7Bb%7D%7D%5E%7B2%7D">。在计算上，实现子集过度识别检验的最简单方法是两次用2SLS估计模型，首先使用完整的工具变量集 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z">，第二次使用部分工具变量集 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Ba%7D">。计算两个2SLS回归的Sargan统计量，并计算 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?C"> 作为Sargan统计量的差异。</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="r代码实证分析" class="level2" data-number="2">
<h2 data-number="2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="r代码实证分析"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> R代码实证分析</h2>
<!-- 现在，我们使用R代码复现Hansen 12.32节内容。实例数据集为`here::here("hansen-programs/Card1995.dta")`。针对两个工具变量模型进行过度识别检验。第一个模型中，设定内生变量为edu、exp和exp2，工具变量为public、private、age和age2。我们使用2SLS方法估计模型，并计算过度识别检验结果。第二个模型中，设定内生变量为edu、exp和exp2，工具变量为public、private、dadedu、momedu、age和age2。我们使用2SLS方法估计模型，然后计算过度识别N统计量和C统计量检验结果。请结合理论分析过程，帮我完成R脚本`code-overidentify-subset.R`代码编写。 -->
<section id="准备r环境" class="level3" data-number="2.1">
<h3 data-number="2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="准备r环境"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> 准备R环境</h3>
<p>首先，加载相关R包。</p>
<p>本文复现使用的R脚本文件和数据集下载链接：</p>
<ul>
<li>R脚本文件：<a href="code-overidentify-subset.R"><code>code-overidentify-subset.R</code></a></li>
<li>Card数据集：<a href="Card1995.dta"><code>Card1995.dta</code></a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="模型1内生变量eduexpexp2工具变量publicprivateageage2" class="level3" data-number="2.2">
<h3 data-number="2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型1内生变量eduexpexp2工具变量publicprivateageage2"><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> 模型1：内生变量edu、exp、exp2，工具变量public、private、age、age2</h3>
<p>在模型1中，我们设定工资方程的结构形式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cln(wage)%20=%20%5Cbeta_0%20+%20%5Cbeta_1%20%5Ccdot%20edu%20+%20%5Cbeta_2%20%5Ccdot%20exp%20+%20%5Cbeta_3%20%5Ccdot%20exp%5E2%20+%20%5Cbeta_4%20%5Ccdot%20black%20+%20%5Cbeta_5%20%5Ccdot%20south%20+%20%5Cbeta_6%20%5Ccdot%20urban%20+%20e%0A"></p>
<p>其中内生变量包括教育年限（edu）、工作经验（exp）和工作经验平方（exp2），工具变量包括公立大学附近（public）、私立大学附近（private）、年龄（age）和年龄平方（age2）。控制变量包括种族（black）、地区（south）和城市（urban）。</p>
<p>该模型的关键特征在于教育变量被设定为内生变量，这反映了教育选择可能受到个人能力等不可观测因素的影响。我们使用大学附近的虚拟变量作为教育的工具变量，基于地理距离影响教育选择但不会直接影响工资的假设。</p>
<p>模型1的2SLS估计结果如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
AER::ivreg(formula = mod_tsls_ppa, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.92063 -0.27218  0.02074  0.28186  1.43044 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.74815    0.48338   7.754 1.21e-14 ***
edu          0.15969    0.04090   3.904 9.65e-05 ***
exp          0.04703    0.02502   1.880 0.060213 .  
exp2        -0.03225    0.12811  -0.252 0.801255    
black       -0.06403    0.06301  -1.016 0.309610    
south       -0.08573    0.02563  -3.345 0.000834 ***
urban        0.08348    0.04125   2.024 0.043073 *  
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.4327 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.05111,    Adjusted R-squared: 0.04921 
Wald test: 129.7 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>从估计结果可以看出，教育回报率约为 0.16，这意味着每增加一年教育，工资平均增长约 17.3%。</p>
<p>对于模型1的过度识别检验，我们计算Sargan统计量来检验工具变量的有效性。Sargan统计量的计算公式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AS%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D"> 是2SLS残差向量，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D"> 是工具变量矩阵，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D"> 是误差方差的估计量。</p>
<p>模型1的过度识别检验结果：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- Sargan统计量: 0.524 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- p值: 0.469 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 自由度: 1 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>在模型1中，我们有 8 个工具变量和 7 个内生变量，因此过度识别约束的数量为 1。Sargan统计量的值为 0.524，对应的p值为 0.469。</p>
<p>由于p值 大于 0.05，我们 不能拒绝 原假设，即工具变量与误差项不相关的假设。这表明 工具变量可能是有效的。</p>
<p>为了验证计算结果的准确性，我们还手动计算了Sargan统计量：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 手动计算的Sargan统计量: 0.524 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 手动计算的p值: 0.469 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>手动计算的结果与AER包的结果完全一致，验证了计算的正确性。</p>
</section>
<section id="模型2内生变量eduexpexp2工具变量publicprivatedadedumomeduageage2" class="level3" data-number="2.3">
<h3 data-number="2.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型2内生变量eduexpexp2工具变量publicprivatedadedumomeduageage2"><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> 模型2：内生变量edu、exp、exp2，工具变量public、private、dadedu、momedu、age、age2</h3>
<p>在模型2中，我们在模型1的基础上增加了两个额外的工具变量：父亲教育年限（dadedu）和母亲教育年限（momedu）。模型的结构形式与模型1相同：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cln(wage)%20=%20%5Cbeta_0%20+%20%5Cbeta_1%20%5Ccdot%20edu%20+%20%5Cbeta_2%20%5Ccdot%20exp%20+%20%5Cbeta_3%20%5Ccdot%20exp%5E2%20+%20%5Cbeta_4%20%5Ccdot%20black%20+%20%5Cbeta_5%20%5Ccdot%20south%20+%20%5Cbeta_6%20%5Ccdot%20urban%20+%20e%0A"></p>
<p>但工具变量集合扩展为：公立大学附近（public）、私立大学附近（private）、父亲教育年限（dadedu）、母亲教育年限（momedu）、年龄（age）和年龄平方（age2）。</p>
<p>增加父母教育作为工具变量的经济学理论基础是：父母的教育水平会影响子女的教育选择，但不会直接影响子女的工资水平。这种假设在早期劳动经济学文献中被广泛使用，但现代文献对此提出了质疑，认为父母教育可能通过家庭教育等方式直接影响子女的能力，而不仅仅是间接影响教育选择。</p>
<p>模型2的2SLS估计结果如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
AER::ivreg(formula = mod_tsls_ppdma, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.62908 -0.22194  0.02295  0.24386  1.33074 

Coefficients:
             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  4.608902   0.118598  38.862  &lt; 2e-16 ***
edu          0.084337   0.007084  11.906  &lt; 2e-16 ***
exp          0.080681   0.016243   4.967 7.18e-07 ***
exp2        -0.208521   0.081487  -2.559   0.0105 *  
black       -0.174549   0.019816  -8.809  &lt; 2e-16 ***
south       -0.120007   0.015501  -7.742 1.33e-14 ***
urban        0.151923   0.016656   9.121  &lt; 2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.3751 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.2871, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2857 
Wald test: 177.8 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>从估计结果可以看出，教育回报率约为 0.084，这意味着每增加一年教育，工资平均增长约 8.8%。</p>
<p>模型2的过度识别检验结果：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- Sargan统计量: 7.892 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- p值: 0.048 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 自由度: 3 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>在模型2中，我们有 10 个工具变量和 7 个内生变量，因此过度识别约束的数量为 3。Sargan统计量的值为 7.892，对应的p值为 0.048。</p>
<p>由于p值 小于 0.05，我们 拒绝 原假设。这表明 工具变量可能存在问题。</p>
<p>为了验证计算结果的准确性，我们还手动计算了Sargan统计量：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 手动计算的Sargan统计量: 7.892 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 手动计算的p值: 0.048 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>手动计算的结果与AER包的结果完全一致，验证了计算的正确性。</p>
<p>比较模型1和模型2的结果，我们可以观察到：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 模型1教育回报率: 0.16 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 模型2教育回报率: 0.084 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 差异: -0.075 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>教育回报率的差异为 -0.075，这表明增加父母教育作为工具变量对估计结果产生了 显著 的影响。</p>
</section>
<section id="子集过度识别检验n统计量和c统计量" class="level3" data-number="2.4">
<h3 data-number="2.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="子集过度识别检验n统计量和c统计量"><span class="header-section-number">2.4</span> 子集过度识别检验：N统计量和C统计量</h3>
<p>根据Hansen教材第12.32节的理论分析，我们现在进行子集过度识别检验。我们将工具变量分为两部分：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_a"></strong>：被认为与误差项不相关的工具变量（public、private、age、age2）</li>
<li><strong><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_b"></strong>：可能与误差项相关的工具变量（dadedu、momedu）</li>
</ul>
<p>这种分割满足 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell_a%20%3E%20k"> 的条件，其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell_a%20=%204">（public、private、age、age2），<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k%20=%203">（edu、exp、exp2），因此 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell_a%20-%20k%20=%201">，模型A是过度识别的。</p>
<section id="模型a仅使用z_a作为工具变量前面的模型1" class="level4" data-number="2.4.1">
<h4 data-number="2.4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型a仅使用z_a作为工具变量前面的模型1"><span class="header-section-number">2.4.1</span> 模型A：仅使用<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_a">作为工具变量（前面的模型1）</h4>
<p>我们首先估计仅使用<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_a">作为工具变量的模型：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
AER::ivreg(formula = mod_tsls_za, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.92063 -0.27218  0.02074  0.28186  1.43044 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.74815    0.48338   7.754 1.21e-14 ***
edu          0.15969    0.04090   3.904 9.65e-05 ***
exp          0.04703    0.02502   1.880 0.060213 .  
exp2        -0.03225    0.12811  -0.252 0.801255    
black       -0.06403    0.06301  -1.016 0.309610    
south       -0.08573    0.02563  -3.345 0.000834 ***
urban        0.08348    0.04125   2.024 0.043073 *  
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.4327 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.05111,    Adjusted R-squared: 0.04921 
Wald test: 129.7 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>模型A的过度识别检验结果：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- Sargan统计量: 0.524 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- p值: 0.469 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 自由度: 1 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>在模型A中，我们有 8 个工具变量和 7 个内生变量，因此过度识别约束的数量为 1。Sargan统计量的值为 0.524，对应的p值为 0.469。</p>
</section>
<section id="c统计量计算" class="level4" data-number="2.4.2">
<h4 data-number="2.4.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="c统计量计算"><span class="header-section-number">2.4.2</span> C统计量计算</h4>
<p>根据Eichenbaum、L. Hansen和Singleton (1988)的方法，C统计量定义为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AC%20=%20S%20-%20S_a%0A"></p>
<p>其中： - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S">：使用全部工具变量的Sargan统计量（模型2） - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S_a">：仅使用<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_a">的Sargan统计量（模型A）</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 模型2的Sargan统计量 (S): 7.892 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 模型A的Sargan统计量 (Sa): 0.524 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- C统计量 (S - Sa): 7.368 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- C统计量的p值: 0.025 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 自由度: 2 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>C统计量的值为 7.368，对应的p值为 0.025。由于p值 小于 0.05，我们 拒绝 原假设，即<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_b">与误差项不相关的假设。</p>
</section>
<section id="n统计量计算" class="level4" data-number="2.4.3">
<h4 data-number="2.4.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="n统计量计算"><span class="header-section-number">2.4.3</span> N统计量计算</h4>
<p>根据Newey (1985)的方法，N统计量的计算公式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AN%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%5Cleft(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中： - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BR%7D%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_a%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_b"> - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D_a%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_n%20-%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_a%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_a%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_a%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D_a%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D"> - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D"></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- N统计量: 7.195 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- N统计量的p值: 0.027 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 自由度: 2 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>N统计量的值为 7.195，对应的p值为 0.027。</p>
</section>
<section id="统计量等价性验证" class="level4" data-number="2.4.4">
<h4 data-number="2.4.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="统计量等价性验证"><span class="header-section-number">2.4.4</span> 统计量等价性验证</h4>
<p>根据定理12.17，当样本数<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Cto%20%5Cinfty">时，N统计量和C统计量在代数上是等价的。我们验证这种等价性：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- N统计量: 7.195 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- C统计量: 7.368 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 差异: 0.173388 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>我们发现两个统计量的差异为 0.173388，虽然这个差异很小，但这个差异很可能是样本量不足导致的，所以一定程度上验证了定理12.17的结论。</p>
</section>
<section id="检验结果解释" class="level4" data-number="2.4.5">
<h4 data-number="2.4.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="检验结果解释"><span class="header-section-number">2.4.5</span> 检验结果解释</h4>
<p>子集过度识别检验的结果表明：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>C统计量</strong>：7.368，p值 = 0.025</li>
<li><strong>N统计量</strong>：7.195，p值 = 0.027</li>
</ol>
<p>由于p值 小于 0.05，我们 拒绝 原假设 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_0:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ_b%20e%5D%20=%200">。</p>
<p>这个结果表明 父母教育变量（dadedu、momedu）可能不是有效的工具变量。这与现代劳动经济学文献的观点 一致，现代文献认为父母教育可能通过家庭教育等方式直接影响子女的能力，因此被认为不是有效的工具变量。</p>


</section>
</section>
</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>多方程模型</category>
  <category>工具变量</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-32-overidentify-subset/</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 10 Oct 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>工具变量法的过度识别检验</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-31-overidentification/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<!-- 我是一名大学教师，我将为研究生讲授《高级计量经济学》课程。我将使用Hansen 2021的英文教材。我现在需要复现Hansen教材中 12.31节"## OverIdentification Tests"内容。请根据chpt12-iv.qmd文件中节 "## OverIdentification Tests"内容，整理关于过度识别检验内容的理论分析过程。整理后的内容放到index.qmd文件中。要求：a.使用段落式文本，b.使用quarto 文档的markdown格式，c.使用中文进行整理，d.注意块公式前后的双美元符号要独立一行。另外，你在整理内容时，要保持与原文内容一致，不要添加非原文内容。整理的内容主要包括：1.过度识别检验的定义，2.过度识别检验的原理，3.过度识别检验的Sargan 统计量计算方法。 -->
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<i class="callout-icon"></i>
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<span class="screen-reader-only">提示</span>导读
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<p>工具变量法是处理内生性问题的重要方法，但当工具变量数量超过内生变量数量时，模型会出现过度识别问题。本文基于Hansen教材12.31节内容，系统阐述了过度识别检验的理论基础、Sargan统计量的计算方法及其经济含义。通过复现Card（1995）数据，我们构建了两个过度识别模型：第一个模型以教育年限为内生变量，公立和私立大学接近度为工具变量；第二个模型扩展至教育年限、工作经验及其平方项为内生变量，相应增加年龄及其平方项作为工具变量。实证结果表明，两个模型的Sargan检验均支持工具变量的外生性假设，验证了模型设定的合理性，为教育回报率估计提供了可靠的实证基础。</p>
</div>
</div>
<p><img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-31-overidentification/images/Sargan-J.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<section id="理论分析" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="理论分析"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 理论分析</h2>
<section id="过度识别检验的定义" class="level3" data-number="1.1">
<h3 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="过度识别检验的定义"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> 过度识别检验的定义</h3>
<p>当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell%3Ek"> 时，模型是过度识别的，这意味着矩条件数量多于自由参数数量。这是一个约束条件，是可以检验的。这样的检验被称为过度识别检验。</p>
<p>工具变量模型规定 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%20e%5D=0">。等价地，由于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e=Y-X%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cbeta">，这可以表示为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%20Y%5D-%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ%20X%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright%5D%20%5Cbeta=0%0A"></p>
<p>这是对矩矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%20Y%5D"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ%20X%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright%5D"> 的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell%20%5Ctimes%201"> 向量约束。然而，由于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 的维度是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k">，小于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell">，因此不能确定是否确实存在这样的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta">。</p>
</section>
<section id="过度识别检验的原理" class="level3" data-number="1.2">
<h3 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="过度识别检验的原理"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> 过度识别检验的原理</h3>
<p>为了更具体地说明，假设有一个内生回归变量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B2%7D">，没有 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B1%7D">，以及两个工具变量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7B1%7D"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7B2%7D">。那么模型规定：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ_%7B1%7D%20Y%5Cright%5D=%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ_%7B1%7D%20X_%7B2%7D%5Cright%5D%20%5Cbeta%0A"></p>
<p>和</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ_%7B2%7D%20Y%5Cright%5D=%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ_%7B2%7D%20X_%7B2%7D%5Cright%5D%20%5Cbeta%0A"></p>
<p>因此 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 同时满足两个方程。这是相当特殊的。</p>
<p>另一种思考方式是，我们可以使用其中一个方程或另一个方程来求解 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta">。在估计方面，这等价于仅使用工具变量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7B1%7D"> 进行IV估计，或者仅使用工具变量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7B2%7D">。这两个估计量（在有限样本中）是不同的。如果过度识别假设是正确的，那么两者都在估计相同的参数，并且都对 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 是一致的。相反，如果过度识别假设是错误的，那么两个估计量将收敛到不同的概率极限，并且不清楚任何一个概率极限是否有意义。</p>
<p>例如，考虑表12.1第4列中使用公共（public）和私立（private）作为教育工具变量的2SLS估计。假设我们改为仅使用公共（public）作为工具变量进行IV估计，然后重复使用私立（private）。第一种情况下教育的IV系数是0.16，第二种情况下是0.27。这些看起来相当不同。然而，第二个估计有较大的标准误差（0.16），所以差异可能是抽样变异。过度识别检验解决了这个问题。</p>
<p>对于一般的过度识别检验，原假设和备择假设是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%20e%5D=0"> 对 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D:%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%20e%5D%20%5Cneq%200">。我们还将添加条件同方差假设：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5Be%5E%7B2%7D%20%5Cmid%20Z%5Cright%5D=%5Csigma%5E%7B2%7D%0A"></p>
</section>
<section id="sargan统计量的计算方法" class="level3" data-number="1.3">
<h3 data-number="1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="sargan统计量的计算方法"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> Sargan统计量的计算方法</h3>
<p>为了实现对 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D"> 的检验，考虑误差 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e"> 对工具变量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z"> 的线性回归：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Ae=Z%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Calpha+v%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha=%5Cleft(%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5BZ%20Z%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright%5D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%20e%5D">。我们可以将 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D"> 重写为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha=0">。虽然 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e"> 不可观测，但我们可以用2SLS残差 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7Be%7D_%7Bi%7D"> 替换它，并通过最小二乘回归估计 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha">，例如 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D=%5Cleft(Z%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20Z%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D">。Sargan（1958）提出了通过得分检验来检验 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D">，其等于：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AS=%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D(%5Cwidehat%7B%5Coperatorname%7Bvar%7D%7D%5B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D%5D)%5E%7B-%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D">。Basmann（1960）独立提出了 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D"> 的Wald统计量，它是将 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D"> 替换为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidetilde%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D=n%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Bv%7D%7D%20'%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Bv%7D%7D"> 的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S">，其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Bv%7D%7D=%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D">。由于同方差得分检验和Wald检验的等价性（见第9.16节），Basmann的统计量是Sargan统计量的单调函数，因此它们产生等价的检验。Sargan的版本更常被报告。</p>
<p>根据Hansen 12.31节的理论分析:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>过度识别检验的原假设是 H0: E[Ze] = 0，即所有工具变量都与误差项不相关</li>
<li>Sargan统计量在H0下渐近服从卡方分布，自由度为过度识别约束的数量</li>
<li>如果p值很小(&lt;0.01)，说明过度识别约束被违反，模型可能被错误设定</li>
<li>如果p值较大(&gt;0.01)，说明没有证据拒绝过度识别约束，支持模型设定</li>
<li>建议关注1%的显著性水平，因为轻微的拒绝(p值在1%-5%之间)应该谨慎解释</li>
</ol>
<p>Sargan检验在 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S%3Ec"> 时拒绝 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D"> 而支持 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B1%7D">，其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?c"> 是某个临界值。渐近检验将 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?c"> 设置为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cchi_%7B%5Cell-k%7D%5E%7B2%7D"> 分布的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?1-%5Calpha"> 分位数。这由 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S"> 的渐近零分布证明，我们现在推导这个分布。</p>
<p><strong>定理12.16</strong> 在假设12.2和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Cleft%5Be%5E%7B2%7D%20%5Cmid%20Z%5Cright%5D=%5Csigma%5E%7B2%7D"> 下，当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Crightarrow%20%5Cinfty"> 时，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S%20%5Cunderset%7Bd%7D%7B%5Clongrightarrow%7D%20%5Cchi_%7B%5Cell-k%7D%5E%7B2%7D">。对于满足 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha=1-G_%7B%5Cell-k%7D(c)"> 的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?c">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BP%7D%5Cleft%5BS%3Ec%20%5Cmid%20%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D%5Cright%5D%20%5Crightarrow%20%5Calpha">，因此检验”如果 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S%3Ec"> 则拒绝 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmathbb%7BH%7D_%7B0%7D">“具有渐近显著性水平 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha">。</p>
<p>Sargan统计量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?S"> 是在条件同方差假设下过度识别约束的渐近检验。它有一些局限性。首先，它是一个渐近检验，没有有限样本（例如F）对应物。模拟证据表明，在小样本和中等样本量中，检验可能过度拒绝（拒绝过于频繁）。因此，p值应该谨慎解释。其次，条件同方差的假设在应用中是不现实的。将Sargan统计量推广到允许异方差的最佳方法是使用GMM过度识别统计量——我们将在第13章中研究。对于2SLS，Wooldridge（1995）建议了稳健得分检验，但Baum、Schaffer和Stillman（2003）指出它在数值上等价于GMM过度识别统计量。因此，底线似乎是，要允许异方差或聚类，最好使用GMM方法。</p>
<p>在过度识别应用中，报告过度识别检验总是明智的。如果检验不显著，这意味着过度识别约束没有被拒绝，支持估计的模型。如果过度识别检验统计量高度显著（如果p值非常小），这是过度识别约束被违反的证据。在这种情况下，我们应该担心模型被错误设定，解释参数估计应该谨慎进行。</p>
<p>在报告过度识别检验结果时，关注非常小的显著性水平（如1%）似乎是合理的。这意味着只有当Sargan p值非常小时（例如小于0.01），我们才应该将模型视为”被拒绝”。关注非常小的显著性水平的原因是很难解释”模型被拒绝”的结果。退一步说，任何过度识别模型在字面上都是真实的，这似乎不太可信；更可能可信的是过度识别模型是一个合理的近似。检验问的是”是否有证据表明模型不真实”的问题，而我们真正想知道的是”是否有证据表明模型是一个糟糕的近似”的答案。因此，需要强有力的证据才能得出”让我们拒绝这个模型”的结论似乎是合理的。建议是轻微的拒绝（p值在1%和5%之间）应该被视为轻微令人担忧，但不是反对模型的关键证据。过度识别检验的结果应该与其他信息整合，然后做出强有力的决定。</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="r代码复现" class="level2" data-number="2">
<h2 data-number="2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="r代码复现"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> R代码复现</h2>
<!-- 现在，我们使用R代码复现Hansen 12.31节内容。实例数据集为`here::here("hansen-programs/Card1995.dta")`。针对两个工具变量模型进行过度识别检验。第一个模型中，设定内生变量为edu，工具变量为public和private。我们使用2SLS方法估计模型，并计算过度识别检验结果。第二个模型中，设定内生变量为edu、exp和exp2，工具变量为public、private、age和age2。我们使用2SLS方法估计模型，然后计算过度识别Sargan统计量检验结果。请结合理论分析过程，帮我完成R脚本`code-overidentify.R`代码编写。 -->
<section id="准备r环境" class="level3" data-number="2.1">
<h3 data-number="2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="准备r环境"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> 准备R环境</h3>
<p>首先，加载相关R包。</p>
<p>本文复现使用的R脚本文件和数据集下载链接：</p>
<ul>
<li>R脚本文件：<a href="code-overidentify.R"><code>code-overidentify.R</code></a></li>
<li>Card数据集：<a href="Card1995.dta"><code>Card1995.dta</code></a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="模型1内生变量为edu工具变量为public和private" class="level3" data-number="2.2">
<h3 data-number="2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型1内生变量为edu工具变量为public和private"><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> 模型1：内生变量为edu，工具变量为public和private</h3>
<p>在第一个模型中，我们设定内生变量为教育年限（edu），工具变量为公立大学接近度（public）和私立大学接近度（private）。这是一个典型的过度识别模型，因为内生变量数量为1个（edu），而工具变量数量为2个（public和private），满足 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell%20%3E%20k"> 的条件，其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell%20=%202">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k%20=%201">。</p>
<p>该模型的基本形式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7Blwage%7D%20=%20%5Cbeta_0%20+%20%5Cbeta_1%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bedu%7D%20+%20%5Cbeta_2%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bexp%7D%20+%20%5Cbeta_3%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bexp%7D%5E2%20+%20%5Cbeta_4%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bblack%7D%20+%20%5Cbeta_5%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bsouth%7D%20+%20%5Cbeta_6%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Burban%7D%20+%20e%0A"></p>
<p>其中教育年限（edu）是内生变量，需要通过工具变量进行估计。工具变量包括：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>public</strong>：公立大学接近度，表示个体是否居住在公立大学附近</li>
<li><strong>private</strong>：私立大学接近度，表示个体是否居住在私立大学附近</li>
</ul>
<p>外生变量包括工作经验（exp）、工作经验平方（exp²）、种族（black）、地区（south）和城镇（urban）。</p>
<p><strong>过度识别检验的理论基础</strong>。根据Hansen 12.31节的理论分析，当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell%20%3E%20k"> 时，模型存在过度识别约束。在这个模型中，我们有两个矩条件：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5B%5Ctext%7Bpublic%7D%20%5Ccdot%20e%5D%20=%200%0A"></p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5B%5Ctext%7Bprivate%7D%20%5Ccdot%20e%5D%20=%200%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e%20=%20%5Ctext%7Blwage%7D%20-%20X'%5Cbeta"> 是结构方程的误差项。由于只有一个内生变量edu，这两个矩条件实际上是对同一个参数 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_1"> 的约束，因此存在过度识别。</p>
<p>使用2SLS方法估计模型，我们得到以下结果：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
AER::ivreg(formula = mod_tsls_pp, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.93985 -0.25152  0.01722  0.27365  1.48154 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.26801    0.68718   4.756 2.07e-06 ***
edu          0.16109    0.04077   3.951 7.96e-05 ***
exp          0.11931    0.01818   6.564 6.16e-11 ***
exp2        -0.23054    0.03503  -6.582 5.46e-11 ***
black       -0.10173    0.04531  -2.245   0.0248 *  
south       -0.09504    0.02165  -4.389 1.18e-05 ***
urban        0.11645    0.02705   4.305 1.73e-05 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.4108 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.1447, Adjusted R-squared: 0.143 
Wald test:   111 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>从估计结果可以看出，教育年限的系数为 0.161，标准误为 0.041，t统计量为 3.951。</p>
<p>我们使用Sargan统计量来检验过度识别约束的有效性。Sargan统计量的计算公式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AS%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D"> 是2SLS残差，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D"> 是工具变量矩阵，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D"> 是误差方差的估计值。</p>
<p><strong>AER包计算的Sargan检验结果：</strong></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>                 df1  df2  statistic      p-value
Weak instruments   2 3002 13.4953074 1.463030e-06
Wu-Hausman         1 3002  5.5569969 1.847081e-02
Sargan             1   NA  0.8205891 3.650080e-01</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>可以看到Sargan统计量、p值和自由度：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- Sargan统计量: 0.8206 
- p值: 0.365 
- 自由度: 1 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>手动计算的Sargan统计量验证：</strong></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 手动计算的Sargan统计量: 0.8206 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 自由度: 1 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- p值: 0.365 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>检验结果解释</strong>。根据Sargan检验的结果，p值为 0.365。根据Hansen的建议，我们关注1%的显著性水平。由于p值 大于 0.01，因此我们 不能拒绝 过度识别约束的原假设。</p>
<p><strong>经济含义</strong>。该检验结果对于理解教育回报率的估计具有重要意义。如果过度识别检验不显著，说明使用公立大学接近度（public）和私立大学接近度（private）作为教育年限的工具变量是合理的，两个工具变量都满足外生性条件。这增强了我们对教育回报率估计结果可信度的信心。</p>
</section>
<section id="模型2内生变量为eduexp和exp2工具变量为publicprivateage和age2" class="level3" data-number="2.3">
<h3 data-number="2.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型2内生变量为eduexp和exp2工具变量为publicprivateage和age2"><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> 模型2：内生变量为edu、exp和exp2，工具变量为public、private、age和age2</h3>
<p>在第二个模型中，我们设定内生变量为教育年限（edu）、工作经验（exp）和工作经验平方（exp2），工具变量为公立大学接近度（public）、私立大学接近度（private）、年龄（age）和年龄平方（age2）。这是一个更复杂的过度识别模型，因为内生变量数量为3个（edu、exp、exp2），而工具变量数量为4个（public、private、age、age2），满足 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell%20%3E%20k"> 的条件，其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell%20=%204">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k%20=%203">。</p>
<p>该模型的基本形式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7Blwage%7D%20=%20%5Cbeta_0%20+%20%5Cbeta_1%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bedu%7D%20+%20%5Cbeta_2%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bexp%7D%20+%20%5Cbeta_3%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bexp%7D%5E2%20+%20%5Cbeta_4%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bblack%7D%20+%20%5Cbeta_5%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Bsouth%7D%20+%20%5Cbeta_6%20%5Ccdot%20%5Ctext%7Burban%7D%20+%20e%0A"></p>
<p>其中教育年限（edu）、工作经验（exp）和工作经验平方（exp2）都是内生变量，需要通过工具变量进行估计。工具变量包括：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>public</strong>：公立大学接近度，表示个体是否居住在公立大学附近</li>
<li><strong>private</strong>：私立大学接近度，表示个体是否居住在私立大学附近</li>
<li><strong>age</strong>：年龄，作为工作经验的工具变量</li>
<li><strong>age2</strong>：年龄平方，作为工作经验平方的工具变量</li>
</ul>
<p>外生变量包括种族（black）、地区（south）和城镇（urban）。</p>
<p><strong>过度识别检验的理论基础</strong>。根据Hansen 12.31节的理论分析，当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell%20%3E%20k"> 时，模型存在过度识别约束。在这个模型中，我们有四个矩条件：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5B%5Ctext%7Bpublic%7D%20%5Ccdot%20e%5D%20=%200%0A"></p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5B%5Ctext%7Bprivate%7D%20%5Ccdot%20e%5D%20=%200%0A"></p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5B%5Ctext%7Bage%7D%20%5Ccdot%20e%5D%20=%200%0A"></p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5B%5Ctext%7Bage2%7D%20%5Ccdot%20e%5D%20=%200%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e%20=%20%5Ctext%7Blwage%7D%20-%20X'%5Cbeta"> 是结构方程的误差项。由于有三个内生变量（edu、exp、exp2），这四个矩条件实际上是对三个参数 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_1">、<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_2">、<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_3"> 的约束，因此存在过度识别，过度识别约束的数量为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cell%20-%20k%20=%204%20-%203%20=%201">。</p>
<p>使用2SLS方法估计模型，我们得到以下结果：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
AER::ivreg(formula = mod_tsls_ppa, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.92063 -0.27218  0.02074  0.28186  1.43044 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.74815    0.48338   7.754 1.21e-14 ***
edu          0.15969    0.04090   3.904 9.65e-05 ***
exp          0.04703    0.02502   1.880 0.060213 .  
exp2        -0.03225    0.12811  -0.252 0.801255    
black       -0.06403    0.06301  -1.016 0.309610    
south       -0.08573    0.02563  -3.345 0.000834 ***
urban        0.08348    0.04125   2.024 0.043073 *  
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.4327 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.05111,    Adjusted R-squared: 0.04921 
Wald test: 129.7 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>从估计结果可以看出，教育年限的系数为 0.16，标准误为 0.041，t统计量为 3.904。工作经验的系数为 0.047，工作经验平方的系数为 -0.032。</p>
<p>我们使用Sargan统计量来检验过度识别约束的有效性。Sargan统计量的计算公式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AS%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%7D%7B%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D"> 是2SLS残差，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D"> 是工具变量矩阵，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Csigma%7D%5E%7B2%7D"> 是误差方差的估计值。</p>
<p><strong>AER包计算的Sargan检验结果：</strong></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>                        df1  df2    statistic      p-value
Weak instruments (edu)    4 3002    8.6480786 6.151497e-07
Weak instruments (exp)    4 3002 1215.9757221 0.000000e+00
Weak instruments (exp2)   4 3002 1113.7721684 0.000000e+00
Wu-Hausman                2 3001    2.9771177 5.108991e-02
Sargan                    1   NA    0.5237879 4.692303e-01</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>可以看到Sargan统计量、p值和自由度：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- Sargan统计量: 0.5238 
- p值: 0.4692 
- 自由度: 1 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>手动计算的Sargan统计量验证：</strong></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 手动计算的Sargan统计量: 0.5238 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- 自由度: 1 </code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>- p值: 0.4692 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>检验结果解释</strong>。根据Sargan检验的结果，p值为 0.4692。根据Hansen的建议，我们关注1%的显著性水平。由于p值 大于 0.01，因此我们 不能拒绝 过度识别约束的原假设。</p>
<p><strong>经济含义</strong>。该检验结果对于理解教育回报率和工作经验回报率的估计具有重要意义。如果过度识别检验不显著，说明使用公立大学接近度（public）、私立大学接近度（private）、年龄（age）和年龄平方（age2）作为教育年限和工作经验的工具变量是合理的，所有工具变量都满足外生性条件。这增强了我们对教育回报率和工作经验回报率估计结果可信度的信心。</p>
</section>
<section id="两个模型的比较分析" class="level3" data-number="2.4">
<h3 data-number="2.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="两个模型的比较分析"><span class="header-section-number">2.4</span> 两个模型的比较分析</h3>
<p>通过比较两个模型的Sargan检验结果，我们可以得出以下结论：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p><strong>模型复杂度</strong>：模型2比模型1更复杂，包含了更多的内生变量和工具变量，过度识别约束的数量为1个。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>工具变量的有效性</strong>：两个模型的Sargan检验结果都支持工具变量的外生性假设，说明所选择的工具变量是有效的。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>模型设定的稳健性</strong>：过度识别检验的不显著结果增强了我们对模型设定稳健性的信心，表明工具变量的选择是合理的。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>政策含义</strong>：这些结果支持了教育和工作经验对工资收入的正向影响，为教育投资和职业发展政策提供了实证支持。</p></li>
</ol>


</section>
</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>多方程模型</category>
  <category>工具变量</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-31-overidentification/</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 09 Oct 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>内生性与工具变量方法</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-iv/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-tip callout-titled" title="导读">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
<span class="screen-reader-only">提示</span>导读
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>工具变量法是处理内生性问题的重要方法，但当工具变量数量超过内生变量数量时，模型会出现过度识别问题。本文基于Hansen教材12章内容，系统阐述了工具变量法的基本原理、2SLS估计方法及其经济含义。通过复现Card（1995）数据，我们构建了不同工具变量组合下的工资结构方程和内生变量的精简方程，并使用R包<code>systemfit</code>进行了2SLS估计。实证结果表明，不同工具变量组合下的2SLS估计结果具有较好的一致性，验证了工具变量法的有效性，为工资决定机制的深入研究提供了可靠的实证基础。</p>
</div>
</div>
<p><img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-iv/images/endogeneity.webp" class="img-fluid"></p>
<section id="案例说明" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="案例说明"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 案例说明</h2>
<section id="初始文献" class="level3" data-number="1.1">
<h3 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="初始文献"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> 初始文献</h3>
<p>David Card（1995）在一篇有影响力的论文中提出，如果潜在学生住在大学附近，就可以降低就读成本，从而提高学生上大学的可能性。然而，大学邻近性不会直接影响学生的技能或能力，因此不应对其市场工资产生直接影响。这些考虑因素表明，大学邻近性可以作为工资回归教育的工具。我们使用Card（1995）论文中报告的最简单的模型来说明工具变量的概念。</p>
<p>本文复现使用的R脚本文件和数据集下载链接：</p>
<ul>
<li>R脚本文件<a href="hansen21-chpt12-iv.R"><code>hansen21-chpt12-iv.R</code>：</a></li>
<li>Card数据集<a href="Card1995.dta"><code>Card1995.dta</code>：</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="变量定义" class="level3" data-number="1.2">
<h3 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="变量定义"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> 变量定义</h3>
<p>为了研究工资收入（<code>wage</code>，或对数化的工资<code>lwage</code>）是如何决定的，我们考虑如下所示的一些变量（具体定义见 表&nbsp;1)）。</p>
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-vars" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure">
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-vars-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
表&nbsp;1: 变量定义及说明
</figcaption>
<div aria-describedby="tbl-vars-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">变量_代码</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">变量_中文</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">定义和取值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">obs</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">序号</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">序号</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">lwage</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">对数化工资</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">定量变量：取对数后的工资</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">edu</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">受教育年数</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">定量变量：受教育年数（年）</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">exp</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">工作年数</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">定量变量：工作年数(年)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">exp2</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">工作年数平方</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">定量变量：工作年数平方/100</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">black</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">是否黑人</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">虚拟变量：1=黑人；0=其他</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">south</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">是否南方地区</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">虚拟变量：1=南方地区；0=其他</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">urban</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">是否居住市区</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">虚拟变量：1=居住市区；0=其他</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">college</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">附近是否有大学</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">虚拟变量：1=附近有大学；0=其他</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">public</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">附近是否有公立大学</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">虚拟变量：1=附近有公立大学；0=其他</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">private</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">附近是否有私立大学</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">虚拟变量：1=附近有私立大学；0=其他</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">age</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">年龄</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">定量变量：年龄(年)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">age2</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">年龄平方</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">定量变量：年龄(年)的平方/100</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">momedu</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">母亲受教育年数</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">定量变量：母亲受教育年数（年）</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">dadedu</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">父亲受教育年数</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">定量变量：父亲受教育年数（年）</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="准备工作" class="level2" data-number="2">
<h2 data-number="2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="准备工作"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> 准备工作</h2>
<p>首先，我们加载所需的包：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">require</span>(knitr)</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">require</span>(here)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">require</span>(broom)</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">require</span>(haven)</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">require</span>(systemfit)</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">require</span>(AER)</span>
<span id="cb1-7"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#renv::install("ivmodel")</span></span>
<span id="cb1-8"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">require</span>(ivmodel) <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># for LIML fit</span></span>
<span id="cb1-9"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># load package</span></span>
<span id="cb1-10"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">library</span>(systemfit)</span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>我们已经对表12.1和表12.2的估计结果进行了R复现，具体脚本文件见<code>hansen21-chpt12-iv.R</code>。接下来，我们直接运行复现代码脚本，从而得到所有相关分析结果。</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">source</span>(<span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">here</span>(<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"replication"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"chpt12-iv"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"hansen21-chpt12-iv.R"</span>),</span>
<span id="cb2-2">       <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">encoding =</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"UTF-8"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-3">N <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">3000</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="表12.1第二阶段方程工资结构方程的回归结果比较" class="level2" data-number="3">
<h2 data-number="3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="表12.1第二阶段方程工资结构方程的回归结果比较"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> 表12.1：第二阶段方程（工资结构方程）的回归结果比较</h2>
<section id="模型1直接ols回归不使用工具变量" class="level3" data-number="3.1">
<h3 data-number="3.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型1直接ols回归不使用工具变量"><span class="header-section-number">3.1</span> 模型1：直接OLS回归（不使用工具变量）</h3>
<p>OLS建模表达式为：</p>
<p><span id="eq-mod-ols"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Alwage_i=&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B1%7D+%5Cbeta_%7B2%7Dedu_i+%5Cbeta_%7B3%7Dexp_i+%5Cbeta_%7B4%7Dexp2_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B5%7Dblack_i+%5Cbeta_%7B6%7Dsouth_i+%5Cbeta_%7B7%7Durban_i+u_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(OLS%20directly)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B1%7D"></span></p>
<p>R代码如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># model ols</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2">mod_ls <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">formula</span>(<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"lwage ~ edu + exp + exp2 + black + south + urban"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb3-3">fit_lm <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">lm</span>(<span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">formula =</span> mod_ls, <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data =</span> tbl_reg)</span>
<span id="cb3-4">smry_lm <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">summary</span>(fit_lm)</span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>R代码下OLS回归结果初始报告结果如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
lm(formula = mod_ls, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.59297 -0.22315  0.01893  0.24223  1.33190 

Coefficients:
             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  4.733664   0.067603  70.022  &lt; 2e-16 ***
edu          0.074009   0.003505  21.113  &lt; 2e-16 ***
exp          0.083596   0.006648  12.575  &lt; 2e-16 ***
exp2        -0.224088   0.031784  -7.050 2.21e-12 ***
black       -0.189632   0.017627 -10.758  &lt; 2e-16 ***
south       -0.124862   0.015118  -8.259  &lt; 2e-16 ***
urban        0.161423   0.015573  10.365  &lt; 2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.3742 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.2905,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.2891 
F-statistic: 204.9 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="模型2一个内生变量且等量工具变量情形下的2sls分析" class="level3" data-number="3.2">
<h3 data-number="3.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型2一个内生变量且等量工具变量情形下的2sls分析"><span class="header-section-number">3.2</span> 模型2：一个内生变量且等量工具变量情形下的2SLS分析</h3>
<p><code>edu</code>内生，工具变量为<code>college</code>：</p>
<p>假如我们认为前述OLS模型（见 式&nbsp;1 ）中受教育年数<code>edu</code>为内生自变量，并且认为其他自变量都是外生的。同时，我们选择把附近是否有大学<code>college</code>作为内生自变量<code>edu</code>的一个备选工具变量。</p>
<p>我们进行两阶段最小二乘回归（2SLS），具体两阶段模型见 式&nbsp;2 和 式&nbsp;3 ）：</p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-edu-c"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Aedu_i=&amp;+%5Calpha_%7B1%7D+%5Calpha_%7B2%7Dexp_i+%5Calpha_%7B3%7Dexp2_i+%5Calpha_%7B4%7Dblack_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Calpha_%7B5%7Dsouth_i+%5Calpha_%7B6%7Durban_i+%5Calpha_%7B7%7Dcollege_i+v_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%201)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B2%7D"></span></p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-ols1"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Alwage_i=&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B1%7D+%5Cbeta_%7B2%7Dedu_i+%5Cbeta_%7B3%7Dexp_i+%5Cbeta_%7B4%7Dexp2_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B5%7Dblack_i+%5Cbeta_%7B6%7Dsouth_i+%5Cbeta_%7B7%7Durban_i+u_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%202)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B3%7D"></span></p>
<p>我们可以使用如下R代码（<code>AER::ivreg</code>函数）进行两阶段最小二乘估计：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1">mod_iv_cl <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">formula</span>(<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"lwage ~ edu + exp + exp2 + black + south + urban |college + exp + exp2 + black + south + urban"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb5-2">fit_iv_cl <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> AER<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ivreg</span>(<span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">formula =</span> mod_iv_cl,<span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data =</span> tbl_reg )</span>
<span id="cb5-3">smry_iv_cl <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">summary</span>(fit_iv_cl)</span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>具体2SLS估计的R初始报告结果如下(<code>AER::ivreg</code>函数只显示了第二阶段回归结果)：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
AER::ivreg(formula = mod_iv_cl, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.82125 -0.24065  0.02368  0.25469  1.43205 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.75278    0.82934   4.525 6.27e-06 ***
edu          0.13229    0.04923   2.687  0.00725 ** 
exp          0.10750    0.02130   5.047 4.76e-07 ***
exp2        -0.22841    0.03341  -6.836 9.84e-12 ***
black       -0.13080    0.05287  -2.474  0.01342 *  
south       -0.10490    0.02307  -4.546 5.67e-06 ***
urban        0.13132    0.03013   4.359 1.35e-05 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.391 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.2252, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2237 
Wald test: 120.8 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="sec-just-3-3" class="level3" data-number="3.3">
<h3 data-number="3.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="sec-just-3-3"><span class="header-section-number">3.3</span> 模型3：两个内生变量且等量工具变量情形下的2SLS分析</h3>
<p>假如我们认为前述OLS模型（见 式&nbsp;1 ）存在内生性问题，其中受教育年数<code>edu</code>、工作年数及其平方<code>exp</code>和<code>exp2</code>为内生自变量，并且认为其他自变量都是外生的。</p>
<p>同时，我们选择把附近是否有大学<code>college</code>作为内生自变量<code>edu</code>的一个备选工具变量，把年龄及其平方<code>age</code>和<code>age2</code>分别作为<code>exp</code>和<code>exp2</code>的工具变量。</p>
<p>我们可以进行两阶段最小二乘回归（2SLS）分析，具体两阶段模型见 式&nbsp;4 、式 式&nbsp;5 、 式&nbsp;6 ，以及 式&nbsp;7 ）：</p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-edu-ca"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Aedu_i=&amp;+%5Cgamma_%7B1%7D+%5Cgamma_%7B2%7Dage_i+%5Cgamma_%7B3%7Dage2_i+%5Cgamma_%7B4%7Dblack_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cgamma_%7B5%7Dsouth_i+%5Cgamma_%7B6%7Durban_i+%5Cgamma_%7B7%7Dcollege_i+v1_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%201:%201/3)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B4%7D"></span></p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-exp-ca"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Aexp_i=&amp;+%5Cgamma_%7B1%7D+%5Cgamma_%7B2%7Dage_i+%5Cgamma_%7B3%7Dage2_i+%5Cgamma_%7B4%7Dblack_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cgamma_%7B5%7Dsouth_i+%5Cgamma_%7B6%7Durban_i+%5Cgamma_%7B7%7Dcollege_i+v2_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%201:%202/3)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B5%7D"></span></p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-exp2-ca"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Aexp2_i=&amp;+%5Cgamma_%7B1%7D+%5Cgamma_%7B2%7Dage_i+%5Cgamma_%7B3%7Dage2_i+%5Cgamma_%7B4%7Dblack_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cgamma_%7B5%7Dsouth_i+%5Cgamma_%7B6%7Durban_i+%5Cgamma_%7B7%7Dcollege_i+v3_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%201:%203/3)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B6%7D"></span></p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-ols2"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Alwage_i=&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B1%7D+%5Cbeta_%7B2%7Dedu_i+%5Cbeta_%7B3%7Dexp_i+%5Cbeta_%7B4%7Dexp2_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B5%7Dblack_i+%5Cbeta_%7B6%7Dsouth_i+%5Cbeta_%7B7%7Durban_i+u_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%202)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B7%7D"></span></p>
<p>此时，<code>edu</code>、<code>exp</code>和<code>exp2</code>内生，工具变量为<code>college</code>、<code>age</code>和<code>age2</code>。我们可以使用如下R代码（<code>AER::ivreg</code>函数）进行两阶段最小二乘估计：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode r code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1">mod_iv_ca <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">formula</span>(<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"lwage ~ edu + exp + exp2 + black + south + urban |college + age + age2 + black + south + urban"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb7-2">fit_iv_ca <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> AER<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">ivreg</span>(<span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">formula =</span> mod_iv_ca,<span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data =</span> tbl_reg )</span>
<span id="cb7-3">smry_iv_ca <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">summary</span>(fit_iv_ca) </span></code></pre></div></div>
</div>
<p>具体2SLS估计的R初始报告结果如下(<code>AER::ivreg</code>函数只显示了第二阶段回归结果)：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
AER::ivreg(formula = mod_iv_ca, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.82400 -0.25248  0.02286  0.26349  1.31561 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  4.06567    0.60850   6.682 2.81e-11 ***
edu          0.13295    0.05138   2.588 0.009712 ** 
exp          0.05596    0.02599   2.153 0.031412 *  
exp2        -0.07957    0.13403  -0.594 0.552796    
black       -0.10314    0.07737  -1.333 0.182623    
south       -0.09818    0.02876  -3.413 0.000651 ***
urban        0.10798    0.04974   2.171 0.030010 *  
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.4032 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.1764, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1747 
Wald test: 148.1 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="模型4一个内生变量且富余工具变量情形下的2sls分析" class="level3" data-number="3.4">
<h3 data-number="3.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型4一个内生变量且富余工具变量情形下的2sls分析"><span class="header-section-number">3.4</span> 模型4：一个内生变量且富余工具变量情形下的2SLS分析</h3>
<p>假如我们认为前述OLS模型（见 式&nbsp;1 ）存在内生性问题，其中受教育年数<code>edu</code>为内生自变量，并且认为其他自变量都是外生的。</p>
<p>同时，我们选择把附近是否有公立大学<code>public</code>和附近是否有私立大学<code>private</code>作为内生自变量<code>edu</code>的2个备选工具变量。</p>
<p>我们可以进行两阶段最小二乘回归（2SLS）分析，具体两阶段模型见下面的 式&nbsp;8 和 式&nbsp;9 ）：</p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-edu-pp"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Aedu_i=&amp;+%5Cdelta_%7B1%7D+%5Cdelta_%7B2%7Dexp_i+%5Cdelta_%7B3%7Dexp2_i+%5Cdelta_%7B4%7Dblack_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cdelta_%7B5%7Dsouth_i+%5Cdelta_%7B6%7Durban_i+%5Cdelta_%7B7%7Dpublic_i+%5Cdelta_%7B8%7Dprivate_i+v_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%201)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B8%7D"></span></p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-ols3"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Alwage_i=&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B1%7D+%5Cbeta_%7B2%7Dedu_i+%5Cbeta_%7B3%7Dexp_i+%5Cbeta_%7B4%7Dexp2_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B5%7Dblack_i+%5Cbeta_%7B6%7Dsouth_i+%5Cbeta_%7B7%7Durban_i+u_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%202)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B9%7D"></span></p>
<p>此时，<code>edu</code>内生，工具变量为<code>public</code>和<code>private</code>。我们可以使用如下R代码（<code>AER::ivreg</code>函数）进行两阶段最小二乘估计：</p>
<p>具体2SLS估计的R初始报告结果如下(<code>AER::ivreg</code>函数只显示了第二阶段回归结果)：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
AER::ivreg(formula = mod_tsls_pp, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.93985 -0.25152  0.01722  0.27365  1.48154 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.26801    0.68718   4.756 2.07e-06 ***
edu          0.16109    0.04077   3.951 7.96e-05 ***
exp          0.11931    0.01818   6.564 6.16e-11 ***
exp2        -0.23054    0.03503  -6.582 5.46e-11 ***
black       -0.10173    0.04531  -2.245   0.0248 *  
south       -0.09504    0.02165  -4.389 1.18e-05 ***
urban        0.11645    0.02705   4.305 1.73e-05 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.4108 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.1447, Adjusted R-squared: 0.143 
Wald test:   111 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="sec-rich-2t1-2t1" class="level3" data-number="3.5">
<h3 data-number="3.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="sec-rich-2t1-2t1"><span class="header-section-number">3.5</span> 模型5：两个内生变量且富余工具变量情形下的2SLS分析</h3>
<p>假如我们认为前述OLS模型（见 式&nbsp;1 ）存在内生性问题，其中受教育年数<code>edu</code>、工作年数及其平方<code>exp</code>和<code>exp2</code>为内生自变量，并且认为其他自变量都是外生的。</p>
<p>同时，我们选择把附近是否有公立大学<code>public</code>和附近是否有私立大学<code>private</code>作为内生自变量<code>edu</code>的2个备选工具变量；把年龄及其平方<code>age</code>和<code>age2</code>分别作为<code>exp</code>和<code>exp2</code>的工具变量。</p>
<p>我们可以进行两阶段最小二乘回归（2SLS）分析，具体两阶段模型见下面的 式&nbsp;10 、 式&nbsp;11 、 式&nbsp;12 和 式&nbsp;13 ）：</p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-edu-ppa"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Aedu_i=&amp;+%5Cgamma_%7B1%7D+%5Cgamma_%7B2%7Dage_i+%5Cgamma_%7B3%7Dage2_i+%5Cgamma_%7B4%7Dblack_i+%5Cgamma_%7B5%7Dsouth_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cgamma_%7B6%7Durban_i+%5Cgamma_%7B7%7Dpublic_i+%5Cgamma_%7B8%7Dprivate_i+v1_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%201:%201/3)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B10%7D"></span></p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-exp-ppa"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Aexp_i=&amp;+%5Cdelta_%7B1%7D+%5Cdelta_%7B2%7Dage_i+%5Cdelta_%7B3%7Dage2_i+%5Cdelta_%7B4%7Dblack_i+%5Cdelta_%7B5%7Dsouth_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cdelta_%7B6%7Durban_i+%5Cdelta_%7B7%7Dpublic_i+%5Cdelta_%7B8%7Dprivate_i+v2_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%201:%202/3)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B11%7D"></span></p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-exp2-ppa"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Aexp2_i=&amp;+%5Clambda_%7B1%7D+%5Clambda_%7B2%7Dage_i+%5Clambda_%7B3%7Dage2_i+%5Clambda_%7B4%7Dblack_i+%5Clambda_%7B5%7Dsouth_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Clambda_%7B6%7Durban_i+%5Clambda_%7B7%7Dpublic_i+%5Clambda_%7B8%7Dprivate_i+v3_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%201:%203/3)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B12%7D"></span></p>
<p><span id="eq-iv-ols4"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0Alwage_i=&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B1%7D+%5Cbeta_%7B2%7Dedu_i+%5Cbeta_%7B3%7Dexp_i+%5Cbeta_%7B4%7Dexp2_i%5C%5C&amp;+%5Cbeta_%7B5%7Dblack_i+%5Cbeta_%7B6%7Dsouth_i+%5Cbeta_%7B7%7Durban_i+u_i%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cquad%20%5Ctext%7B(stage%202)%7D%5Cquad%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B13%7D"></span></p>
<p>此时，<code>edu</code>、<code>exp</code>和<code>exp2</code>内生，工具变量为<code>public</code>和<code>private</code>、以及<code>age</code>和<code>age2</code>。我们可以使用如下R代码（<code>AER::ivreg</code>函数）进行两阶段最小二乘估计：</p>
<p>具体2SLS估计的R初始报告结果如下(<code>AER::ivreg</code>函数只显示了第二阶段回归结果)：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
AER::ivreg(formula = mod_tsls_ppa, data = tbl_reg)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.92063 -0.27218  0.02074  0.28186  1.43044 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)  3.74815    0.48338   7.754 1.21e-14 ***
edu          0.15969    0.04090   3.904 9.65e-05 ***
exp          0.04703    0.02502   1.880 0.060213 .  
exp2        -0.03225    0.12811  -0.252 0.801255    
black       -0.06403    0.06301  -1.016 0.309610    
south       -0.08573    0.02563  -3.345 0.000834 ***
urban        0.08348    0.04125   2.024 0.043073 *  
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.4327 on 3003 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-Squared: 0.05111,    Adjusted R-squared: 0.04921 
Wald test: 129.7 on 6 and 3003 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16 </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="模型6使用有限信息极大似然估计liml进行估计" class="level3" data-number="3.6">
<h3 data-number="3.6" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型6使用有限信息极大似然估计liml进行估计"><span class="header-section-number">3.6</span> 模型6：使用有限信息极大似然估计（LIML）进行估计</h3>
<p>估计结构方程参数的另一种方法是通过最大似然法。 Anderson 和 Rubin (1949) 推导出 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cvec%7BY%7D=%5Cleft(Y_%7B1%7D,%20Y_%7B2%7D%5Cright)"> 联合分布的最大似然估计量。该估计量称为有限信息最大似然 (LIML)。</p>
<p>该估计量称为“有限信息”，因为它基于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y"> 的结构方程与 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B2%7D"> 的简化形式方程相结合。如果最大似然也是基于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B2%7D"> 的结构方程导出的，这将导致所谓的全信息最大似然 (FIML)。 LIML 相对于 FIML 的优势在于，前者不需要 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B2%7D"> 的结构模型，因此允许研究人员专注于感兴趣的结构方程（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y"> 的结构方程）。我们不描述 FIML 估计量，因为它在应用计量经济学中并不常用。</p>
</section>
<section id="全部工资模型集中展示和综合比较" class="level3" data-number="3.7">
<h3 data-number="3.7" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="全部工资模型集中展示和综合比较"><span class="header-section-number">3.7</span> 全部工资模型集中展示和综合比较</h3>
<p>以上模型的综合汇总结果比较见下表：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-models-compare" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure">
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl quarto-uncaptioned" id="tbl-models-compare-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
表&nbsp;2
</figcaption>
<div aria-describedby="tbl-models-compare-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-0e9ea4fa9e5eae972002" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-0e9ea4fa9e5eae972002">{"x":{"filter":"none","vertical":false,"caption":"<caption>工资模型回归估计结果比较<\/caption>","data":[["1","2","3","4","5","6","7"],["(Intercept)","edu","exp","exp2","black","south","urban"],["4.7337<br/>(0.0676)","0.0740<br/>(0.0035)","0.0836<br/>(0.0066)","-0.2241<br/>(0.0318)","-0.1896<br/>(0.0176)","-0.1249<br/>(0.0151)","0.1614<br/>(0.0156)"],["3.7528<br/>(0.8293)","0.1323<br/>(0.0492)","0.1075<br/>(0.0213)","-0.2284<br/>(0.0334)","-0.1308<br/>(0.0529)","-0.1049<br/>(0.0231)","0.1313<br/>(0.0301)"],["4.0657<br/>(0.6085)","0.1329<br/>(0.0514)","0.0560<br/>(0.0260)","-0.0796<br/>(0.1340)","-0.1031<br/>(0.0774)","-0.0982<br/>(0.0288)","0.1080<br/>(0.0497)"],["3.2680<br/>(0.6872)","0.1611<br/>(0.0408)","0.1193<br/>(0.0182)","-0.2305<br/>(0.0350)","-0.1017<br/>(0.0453)","-0.0950<br/>(0.0217)","0.1164<br/>(0.0271)"],["3.7481<br/>(0.4834)","0.1597<br/>(0.0409)","0.0470<br/>(0.0250)","-0.0323<br/>(0.1281)","-0.0640<br/>(0.0630)","-0.0857<br/>(0.0256)","0.0835<br/>(0.0412)"],["3.2220<br/>(0.7015)","0.1638<br/>(0.0416)","0.1204<br/>(0.0185)","-0.2307<br/>(0.0352)","-0.0990<br/>(0.0461)","-0.0941<br/>(0.0219)","0.1150<br/>(0.0275)"]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th> <\/th>\n      <th>term<\/th>\n      <th>OLS<\/th>\n      <th>IV_c<\/th>\n      <th>IV_ca<\/th>\n      <th>2SLS_pp<\/th>\n      <th>2SLS_ppa<\/th>\n      <th>LIML_pp<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"dom":"t","pageLength":15,"columnDefs":[{"width":10,"targets":[2,3,4,5,6,7]},{"orderable":false,"targets":0},{"name":" ","targets":0},{"name":"term","targets":1},{"name":"OLS","targets":2},{"name":"IV_c","targets":3},{"name":"IV_ca","targets":4},{"name":"2SLS_pp","targets":5},{"name":"2SLS_ppa","targets":6},{"name":"LIML_pp","targets":7}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"lengthMenu":[10,15,25,50,100]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<p>说明：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>如果使用两阶段最小二乘法，则只列出了第二阶段回归结果</p></li>
<li><p>最后一列<code>LIML_pp</code>采用的是有限信息极大似然估计方法（LIML）。</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="表12.2第一阶段方程内生变量的精简方程估计结果" class="level2" data-number="4">
<h2 data-number="4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="表12.2第一阶段方程内生变量的精简方程估计结果"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> 表12.2：第一阶段方程（内生变量的精简方程）估计结果</h2>
<p>前述表12.1的工资结构方程的回归中，如果考虑了内生变量并考虑使用了不同的工具变量，则需要估计内生变量的精简方程，也即第一阶段方程（内生变量的精简方程）。</p>
<p>我们可以简单使用OLS方法，针对不同的内生变量和工具变量组合，估计第一阶段方程（内生变量的精简方程），具体估计结果整理后见下表：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-first-stage" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure">
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl quarto-uncaptioned" id="tbl-first-stage-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
表&nbsp;3
</figcaption>
<div aria-describedby="tbl-first-stage-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-6f1f90b78e5e1827978b" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
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</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="采用r包systemfit进行2sls估计" class="level2" data-number="5">
<h2 data-number="5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="采用r包systemfit进行2sls估计"><span class="header-section-number">5</span> 采用R包<code>systemfit</code>进行2SLS估计</h2>
<p>如前所述，AER包的<code>ivreg</code>函数可以进行两阶段最小二乘估计，但是该函数只能估计第二阶段方程（工资结构方程），而不会显示第一阶段方程（内生变量的精简方程）估计结果。</p>
<p>为了完整地展示不同工具变量组合下的第一阶段方程（内生变量的精简方程）估计结果和第二阶段方程（工资结构方程）估计结果，我们可以使用R包<code>systemfit</code>进行估计。</p>
<p>我们下面将展示两种情形下的R包<code>systemfit</code>的2SLS估计结果，即等量工具变量情形和富余工具变量情形。</p>
<section id="模型3等量工具变量情形" class="level3" data-number="5.1">
<h3 data-number="5.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型3等量工具变量情形"><span class="header-section-number">5.1</span> 模型3：等量工具变量情形</h3>
<p>在 小节&nbsp;3.3 中，给定情形为：<code>edu</code>、<code>exp</code>和<code>exp2</code>内生，工具变量为<code>college</code>、<code>age</code>和<code>age2</code>。作为对比，我们此处使用R包<code>systemfit</code>进行估计。具体结果见 表&nbsp;4：</p>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-note callout-titled">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
注记
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<ul>
<li><p>方程1.X需要去掉截距项，否则会报错！</p></li>
<li><p>hansen2021此时应用的是IV(b)方法。</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode markdown code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode markdown"><span id="cb11-1"><span class="in" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">```{r}</span></span>
<span id="cb11-2"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#| label: tbl-just-systemfit-3t3</span></span>
<span id="cb11-3"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#| tbl-cap: "等量工具变量下的2SLS结果"</span></span>
<span id="cb11-4"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#| eval: true</span></span>
<span id="cb11-5"></span>
<span id="cb11-6"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># load package</span></span>
<span id="cb11-7"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">library</span>(systemfit)</span>
<span id="cb11-8"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># set two models</span></span>
<span id="cb11-9">eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.1</span> <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> edu <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span>  <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> college</span>
<span id="cb11-10">eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.2</span> <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> exp <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span>  <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> college</span>
<span id="cb11-11">eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.3</span> <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> exp2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span>  <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> college <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># important !!</span></span>
<span id="cb11-12"></span>
<span id="cb11-13">eq_2 <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> lwage <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> edu <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> exp <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> exp2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban</span>
<span id="cb11-14"></span>
<span id="cb11-15">sys <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">list</span>(</span>
<span id="cb11-16">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">eq1.1 =</span> eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.1</span>,</span>
<span id="cb11-17">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">eq1.2 =</span> eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.2</span>, </span>
<span id="cb11-18">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">eq1.3 =</span> eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.3</span>, </span>
<span id="cb11-19">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">eq2 =</span> eq_2)</span>
<span id="cb11-20"></span>
<span id="cb11-21"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># specify the instruments</span></span>
<span id="cb11-22"></span>
<span id="cb11-23">instr <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="er" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span>age <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> college</span>
<span id="cb11-24"></span>
<span id="cb11-25"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># fit models </span></span>
<span id="cb11-26">fit.sys <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">systemfit</span>(</span>
<span id="cb11-27">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">formula =</span>  sys, </span>
<span id="cb11-28">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">inst =</span> instr, </span>
<span id="cb11-29">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">method =</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2SLS"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb11-30">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data =</span> tbl_reg)</span>
<span id="cb11-31"></span>
<span id="cb11-32">smry <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">summary</span>(fit.sys)</span>
<span id="cb11-33">out <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> broom<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tidy</span>(fit.sys) <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb11-34">  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">separate</span>(., <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">col =</span> term, </span>
<span id="cb11-35">           <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">into =</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">c</span>(<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"eq"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"vars"</span>), <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sep =</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"_"</span>) <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb11-36">  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">select</span>(<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">all_of</span>(<span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">starts_with</span>(<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"conf"</span>)))</span>
<span id="cb11-37"></span>
<span id="cb11-38">knitr<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kable</span>(out, </span>
<span id="cb11-39">      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#caption ="等量工具变量下的2SLS结果" ,</span></span>
<span id="cb11-40">      <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">digits =</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span>)</span>
<span id="cb11-41"><span class="in" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">```</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
<div id="tbl-just-systemfit-3t3" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure">
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-just-systemfit-3t3-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
表&nbsp;4: 等量工具变量下的2SLS结果
</figcaption>
<div aria-describedby="tbl-just-systemfit-3t3-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">eq</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">vars</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">estimate</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">std.error</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">statistic</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">p.value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.9305</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0164</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">56.6658</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-1.6496</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0521</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-31.6411</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">black</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-1.4688</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1154</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-12.7254</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">south</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.4597</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1024</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-4.4879</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">urban</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.8355</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1092</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7.6483</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">college</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.3456</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1069</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.2324</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0012</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.3506</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0164</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-21.3495</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.3762</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0521</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">45.5726</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">black</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.4674</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1154</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">12.7116</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">south</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.4598</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1024</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.4888</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">urban</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.8352</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1093</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-7.6451</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">college</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.3504</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1069</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-3.2761</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0011</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.1275</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0035</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-36.7038</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.5746</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0110</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">52.1129</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">black</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.2835</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0244</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">11.6143</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">south</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1116</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0217</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">5.1534</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">urban</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.1758</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0231</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-7.6098</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">college</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.0677</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0226</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-2.9942</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0028</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">(Intercept)</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.0657</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.6085</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6.6815</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">edu</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1329</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0514</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.5876</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0097</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">exp</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0560</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0260</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.1528</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0314</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">exp2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.0796</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1340</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.5936</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.5528</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">black</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.1031</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0774</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-1.3330</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1826</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">south</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.0982</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0288</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-3.4131</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0007</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">urban</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1080</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0497</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.1710</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0300</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="模型5富余工具变量情形" class="level3" data-number="5.2">
<h3 data-number="5.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型5富余工具变量情形"><span class="header-section-number">5.2</span> 模型5：富余工具变量情形</h3>
<p>在 小节&nbsp;3.5 中，给定情形为：<code>edu</code>、<code>exp</code>和<code>exp2</code>内生，工具变量为<code>public</code>和<code>private</code>、以及<code>age</code>和<code>age2</code>。</p>
<p>作为对比，我们此处使用R包<code>systemfit</code>进行估计。具体结果见表 表&nbsp;5：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12" style="background: #f1f3f5;"><pre class="sourceCode markdown code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode markdown"><span id="cb12-1"><span class="in" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">```{r}</span></span>
<span id="cb12-2"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#| label: tbl-rich-systemfit</span></span>
<span id="cb12-3"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#| tbl-cap: "富余工具变量下的2SLS结果" </span></span>
<span id="cb12-4"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#| eval: true</span></span>
<span id="cb12-5"></span>
<span id="cb12-6"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># load package</span></span>
<span id="cb12-7"><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">library</span>(systemfit)</span>
<span id="cb12-8"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># set two models</span></span>
<span id="cb12-9">eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.1</span> <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> edu <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span>  <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> public <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>private</span>
<span id="cb12-10">eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.2</span> <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> exp <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span>  <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> public <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>private</span>
<span id="cb12-11">eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.3</span> <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> exp2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span>  <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">1</span> <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> public <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>private</span>
<span id="cb12-12"></span>
<span id="cb12-13">eq_2 <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> lwage <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span> edu <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> exp <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> exp2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban</span>
<span id="cb12-14"></span>
<span id="cb12-15">sys <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">list</span>(</span>
<span id="cb12-16">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">eq1.1 =</span> eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.1</span>,</span>
<span id="cb12-17">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">eq1.2 =</span> eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.2</span>, </span>
<span id="cb12-18">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">eq1.3 =</span> eq_1<span class="fl" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">.3</span>, </span>
<span id="cb12-19">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">eq2 =</span> eq_2)</span>
<span id="cb12-20"></span>
<span id="cb12-21"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># specify the instruments</span></span>
<span id="cb12-22"></span>
<span id="cb12-23">instr <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="er" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">~</span>age <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> age2 <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>black <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>south <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>urban <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span> public <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">+</span>private</span>
<span id="cb12-24"></span>
<span id="cb12-25"></span>
<span id="cb12-26"><span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;"># fit models </span></span>
<span id="cb12-27">fit.sys <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">systemfit</span>(</span>
<span id="cb12-28">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">formula =</span>  sys, </span>
<span id="cb12-29">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">inst =</span> instr, </span>
<span id="cb12-30">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">method =</span><span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"2SLS"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb12-31">  <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">data =</span> tbl_reg)</span>
<span id="cb12-32"></span>
<span id="cb12-33">smry <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">summary</span>(fit.sys)</span>
<span id="cb12-34">out <span class="ot" style="color: #003B4F;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">tidy</span>(fit.sys) <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb12-35">  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">separate</span>(., <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">col =</span> term, </span>
<span id="cb12-36">           <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">into =</span> <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">c</span>(<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"eq"</span>, <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"vars"</span>), <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">sep =</span> <span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"_"</span>) <span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb12-37">  <span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">select</span>(<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">-</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">all_of</span>(<span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">starts_with</span>(<span class="st" style="color: #20794D;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">"conf"</span>)))</span>
<span id="cb12-38"></span>
<span id="cb12-39">knitr<span class="sc" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">::</span><span class="fu" style="color: #4758AB;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">kable</span>(out, </span>
<span id="cb12-40">      <span class="co" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">#caption ="富余工具变量下的2SLS结果" ,</span></span>
<span id="cb12-41">      <span class="at" style="color: #657422;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">digits =</span> <span class="dv" style="color: #AD0000;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">4</span>)</span>
<span id="cb12-42"><span class="in" style="color: #5E5E5E;
background-color: null;
font-style: inherit;">```</span></span></code></pre></div></div>
<div id="tbl-rich-systemfit" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure">
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-rich-systemfit-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
表&nbsp;5: 富余工具变量下的2SLS结果
</figcaption>
<div aria-describedby="tbl-rich-systemfit-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<table class="do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table table-sm table-striped small">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">eq</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">vars</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">estimate</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">std.error</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">statistic</th>
<th style="text-align: right;">p.value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.9303</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0164</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">56.7426</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-1.6508</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0521</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-31.7135</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">black</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-1.4686</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1152</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-12.7435</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">south</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.4270</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1028</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-4.1551</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">urban</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.8286</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1091</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7.5954</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">public</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.4679</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1132</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.1323</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">private</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0645</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1376</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.4689</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.6392</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.3504</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0164</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-21.3709</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.3774</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0521</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">45.6667</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">black</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.4672</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1153</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">12.7297</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">south</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.4271</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1028</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.1560</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">urban</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.8283</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1091</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-7.5922</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">public</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.4727</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1133</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-4.1735</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">private</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.0692</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1376</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.5032</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.6149</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.1274</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0035</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-36.7736</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">age2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.5749</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0110</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">52.2594</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">black</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.2834</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0244</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">11.6387</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">south</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1034</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0217</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">4.7617</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">urban</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.1741</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0231</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-7.5503</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">public</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.0985</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0239</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-4.1148</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq1.3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">private</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0030</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0291</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1031</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.9179</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">(Intercept)</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.7481</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.4834</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7.7541</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">edu</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1597</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0409</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">3.9044</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0001</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">exp</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0470</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0250</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1.8799</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0602</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">exp2</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.0323</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.1281</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.2517</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.8013</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">black</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.0640</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0630</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-1.0162</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.3096</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">south</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-0.0857</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0256</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">-3.3448</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0008</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">eq2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">urban</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0835</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0412</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">2.0239</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0.0431</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>


</section>
</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>多方程模型</category>
  <category>工具变量</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt12-iv/</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>多方程计量模型数学符号体系</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/notation-multiple/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<p>本文梳理和总结了Hansen《计量经济学》教材中多方程计量模型的相关数学符号体系。多方程计量模型（方程系统）是宏观经济学中常用的模型，这类模型的数学符号表达体系与单方程计量模型相比，要更加复杂晦涩。</p>
<!-- 我需要整理Hansen《计量经济学》教材第11章 Multivariate Regression中的数学符号体系。现在请根据节11.2 "## Regression Equation System"的内容，整理出回归方程系统的数学符号体系。在整理过程中，请注意以下几点：1.请保持与Hansen教材中一致的符号体系。2.注意quarto 数学公式块的语法。 -->
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/notation-multiple/images/X-kronecker-product.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>多方程计量模型</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<section id="回归方程系统1" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="回归方程系统1"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 回归方程系统<sup>1</sup></h2>
<section id="基本符号定义" class="level3" data-number="1.1">
<h3 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="基本符号定义"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> 基本符号定义</h3>
<p>对于单方程线性回归：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y%20=%20X'%20%5Cbeta%20+%20e"></p>
<p>相关符号定义为：</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">：标量因变量</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k%20%5Ctimes%201"> 回归元向量</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta">：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k%20%5Ctimes%201"> 系数向量</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e">：标量误差项</li>
</ul>
<p>多方程回归系统中，第<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?j">个（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?j%20=%201,%20%5Cldots,%20m">）回归方程可以表示为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY_j%20=%20X_j'%20%5Cbeta_j%20+%20e_j%0A"></p>
<p>多方程回归系统中符号定义为：</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?m">：方程个数</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?j%20=%201,%20%5Cldots,%20m">：方程索引</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y_j">：第<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?j">个因变量</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_j">：第<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?j">个方程的<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_j%20%5Ctimes%201">回归元向量</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_j">：第<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?j">个方程的<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_j%20%5Ctimes%201">系数向量</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e_j">：第<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?j">个方程的误差项</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbar%7Bk%7D%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bj=1%7D%5E%7Bm%7D%20k_j">：总系数个数</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="向量形式" class="level3" data-number="1.2">
<h3 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="向量形式"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> 向量形式</h3>
<p>系统方程可以表示为向量形式：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY%20=%20%5Coverline%7BX%7D%20%5Cbeta%20+%20e%0A"></p>
<p>因变量向量<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y%20=%20(Y_1,%20%5Cldots,%20Y_m)'">：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?m%20%5Ctimes%201">因变量向量</p>
<p>回归元矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Coverline%7BX%7D">：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?m%20%5Ctimes%20%5Cbar%7Bk%7D">。具体形式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Coverline%7BX%7D%20=%0A%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%0A%20%20%20%20X_1'%20&amp;%200%20&amp;%20%5Ccdots%20&amp;%200%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cvdots%20&amp;%20X_2'%20&amp;%20&amp;%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%200%20&amp;%200%20&amp;%20%5Ccdots%20&amp;%20X_m'%0A%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D%0A"></p>
<p>系数向量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta">：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbar%7Bk%7D%20%5Ctimes%201">堆叠系数向量。具体形式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbeta%20=%0A%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cbeta_1%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cbeta_m%0A%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D%0A"></p>
<p>误差向量和协方差矩阵:</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e%20=%20(e_1,%20%5Cldots,%20e_m)'">：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?m%20%5Ctimes%201">误差向量</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CSigma%20=%20%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5Bee'%5D">：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?m%20%5Ctimes%20m">误差协方差矩阵
<ul>
<li>对角元素：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BVar%7D(e_j)"></li>
<li>非对角元素：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BCov%7D(e_j,%20e_k)"></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="观测值堆叠形式" class="level3" data-number="1.3">
<h3 data-number="1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="观测值堆叠形式"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> 观测值堆叠形式</h3>
<p>系统方程可以表示为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D%20=%20%5Coverline%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%20%5Cbeta%20+%20%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%0A"></p>
<p>对于<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n">个观测值，定义：</p>
<ul>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?mn%20%5Ctimes%201">因变量向量。具体形式为：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D%20=%20%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20Y_1%20%5C%5C%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%20Y_n%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D">：</p></li>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?mn%20%5Ctimes%201">误差向量 。具体形式为：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%20=%20%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20e_1%20%5C%5C%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%20e_n%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D">：</p></li>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?mn%20%5Ctimes%20%5Cbar%7Bk%7D">回归元矩阵。具体形式为：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Coverline%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%7D%20=%20%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20%5Coverline%7BX%7D_1%20%5C%5C%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%20%5Coverline%7BX%7D_n%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D">：</p></li>
</ul>
<p>对于共同回归元情况。当<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_j%20=%20X">且<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k_j%20=%20k">时（所有方程使用相同的回归元），方程系统可以简化表示为</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BB%7D'%20X%20+%20e%0A"></p>
<p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li>系数矩阵：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BB%7D%20=%20(%5Cbeta_1,%20%5Cbeta_2,%20%5Cldots,%20%5Cbeta_m)">：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k%20%5Ctimes%20m"></li>
</ul>
<p>此外，观测值堆叠形式还可以表示为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BB%7D%20+%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BE%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Ctimes%20m">因变量矩阵：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D%20=%20%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20Y_1'%20%5C%5C%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%20Y_n'%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D"></li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Ctimes%20m">误差矩阵：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BE%7D%20=%20%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20e_1'%20%5C%5C%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%20e_n'%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D"></li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Ctimes%20k">回归元矩阵：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20=%20%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%20X_1'%20%5C%5C%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%20X_n'%20%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D"></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="kronecker积表示" class="level3" data-number="1.4">
<h3 data-number="1.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="kronecker积表示"><span class="header-section-number">1.4</span> Kronecker积表示</h3>
<p>我们可以使用Kronecker积对矩阵<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Coverline%7BX%7D">进行简化表示：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Coverline%7BX%7D%20=%0A%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%0A%20%20%20%20X'%20&amp;%200%20&amp;%20%5Ccdots%20&amp;%200%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%200%20&amp;%20X'%20&amp;%20&amp;%200%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cvdots%20&amp;%20%5Cvdots%20&amp;%20&amp;%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%200%20&amp;%200%20&amp;%20%5Ccdots%20&amp;%20X'%0A%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D%0A=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_m%20%5Cotimes%20X'%0A"></p>
<p>其中<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cotimes">表示Kronecker积。</p>


</section>
</section>


<div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section id="footnotes" class="footnotes footnotes-end-of-document"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">脚注</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn1"><p>见Hansen教材第11章 Multivariate Regression，节11.2 “## Regression Equation System”↩︎</p></li>
</ol>
</section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>符号体系</category>
  <category>多方程模型</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/notation-multiple/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 27 Sep 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>单方程计量模型数学符号体系</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/notation-single/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<p>本文将复现Hansen《计量经济学》教材节3.10 “## Model in Matrix Notation”、节3.11 “## Projection Matrix”、节3.12 “## Annihilator Matrix”、节3.19 “## Leverage Values”的内容。重点复现单方程计量模型的一些数学符号体系，内容包括：矩阵模型、投影矩阵、零化矩阵、影响力值。</p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/notation-single/images/notation-matrix.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>单方程计量模型</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<section id="矩阵模型" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="矩阵模型"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 矩阵模型<sup>1</sup></h2>
<p>对于许多目的，包括计算，用矩阵表示法编写模型和统计数据很方便。</p>
<p>在<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n"> 个样本情形下，方程 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y_%7Bi%7D=X_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cbeta+e_%7Bi%7D"> 构成了一个 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n"> 方程组。</p>
<p><span id="eq-prm-alg"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY_%7Bi%7D=X_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cbeta+e_%7Bi%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B1%7D"></span></p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D"> 是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7Bi%7D"> 的转置，即行向量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20=%20(X_%7Bi1%7D,%20X_%7Bi2%7D,%20%5Ccdots,%20X_%7Bik%7D)"> 包含了第 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?i"> 个样本（观测数量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?i%20=%201,%202,%20%5Ccdots,%20n">）的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k"> 个解释变量(自变量数量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k=1,%202,%20%5Ccdots,%20k">)。</li>
</ul>
<p>我们可以将这些 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n"> 方程堆叠在一起作为</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A&amp;Y_%7B1%7D=X_%7B1%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cbeta+e_%7B1%7D%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;Y_%7B2%7D=X_%7B2%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cbeta+e_%7B2%7D%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;Y_%7Bn%7D=X_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cbeta+e_%7Bn%7D%20.%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p>定义</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D=%0A%5Cleft(%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Y_%7B1%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Y_%7B2%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Y_%7Bn%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cend%7Barray%7D%0A%5Cright),%0A%5Cquad%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D=%0A%5Cleft(%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20X_%7B1%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20X_%7B2%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20X_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cend%7Barray%7D%0A%5Cright)%0A=%20%5Cleft(%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20X_%7B11%7D%20&amp;%20X_%7B12%7D%20&amp;%20%5Ccdots%20&amp;%20X_%7B1k%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20X_%7B21%7D%20&amp;%20X_%7B22%7D%20&amp;%20%5Ccdots%20&amp;%20X_%7B2k%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cvdots%20&amp;%20%5Cvdots%20&amp;%20%5Ccdots%20&amp;%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20X_%7Bn1%7D%20&amp;%20X_%7Bn2%7D%20&amp;%20%5Ccdots%20&amp;%20X_%7Bnk%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cend%7Barray%7D%0A%5Cright),%0A%5Cquad%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D=%0A%5Cleft(%0A%20%20%20%20%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20e_%7B1%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20e_%7B2%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20e_%7Bn%7D%0A%5Cend%7Barray%7D%0A%5Cright)%0A"></p>
<p>观察 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D"> 是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Ctimes%201"> 向量，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D"> 是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Ctimes%20k"> 矩阵。 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n"> 方程组可以紧凑地写成单个方程</p>
<p><span id="eq-prm-mat"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cbeta+%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B2%7D"></span></p>
<p>样本总和可以用矩阵表示法编写。例如</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A&amp;%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_%7Bi%7D%20X_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_%7Bi%7D%20Y_%7Bi%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D%20.%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p>因此最小二乘估计量可以写成</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D=%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D%5Cright)%0A"></p>
<p>式&nbsp;2 的估计版本是</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D+%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%0A"></p>
<p>等价的残差向量是</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%0A"></p>
<p>使用残差向量，我们可以将 (3.16) 写为</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D=0%0A"></p>
<p>将误差平方和标准写为</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Coperatorname%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)=(%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cbeta)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D(%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cbeta)%20.%0A"></p>
<p>使用矩阵表示法，我们对大多数估计器都有简单的表达式。这对于计算机编程特别方便，因为大多数语言都允许矩阵表示法和操作。</p>
<div id="thm-matrix-exp" class="theorem">
<p><span class="theorem-title"><strong>定理 1 (重要的矩阵表达式)</strong></span> <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20&amp;=%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D%5Cright)%20%5C%5C%0A%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%20&amp;=%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%20&amp;=0%20.%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="投影矩阵21" class="level2" data-number="2">
<h2 data-number="2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="投影矩阵21"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> 投影矩阵<sup>2</sup></h2>
<p>定义矩阵</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%0A"></p>
<p>请注意</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20.%0A"></p>
<p>这是投影矩阵的属性。更一般地，对于任何矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D"> 可以写成 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7B%5CGamma%7D"> 对于某个矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CGamma"> （我们说 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D"> 位于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D"> 的范围空间中），然后</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%20Z%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7B%5CGamma%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7B%5CGamma%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7B%5CGamma%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D%20.%0A"></p>
<p>举一个重要的例子，如果我们将矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D"> 划分为两个矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B1%7D"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B2%7D">，那么 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D="> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cleft%5B%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bll%7D%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B1%7D%20&amp;%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B2%7D%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%5D"> 然后是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B1%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B1%7D">。 （见练习 3.7。）</p>
<p>投影矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 具有幂等的代数性质：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D">。见下文定理 3.3.2。有关投影矩阵的一般属性，请参见第 A.11 节。</p>
<p>矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 在最小二乘回归中创建拟合值：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7B%5Cbeta%7D%7D=%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D%7D%20%5Ctext%20%7B.%20%7D%0A"></p>
<p>由于这个属性，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 也被称为帽子矩阵。</p>
<p>当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X=%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D"> 是一个由 1 组成的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n"> 向量时，会出现一个投影矩阵的特殊示例。然后</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5Cleft(%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20.%0A"></p>
<p>请注意，在这种情况下</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D=%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5Cleft(%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D=%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%20%5Cbar%7BY%7D%0A"></p>
<p>创建一个 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n">-vector，其元素是样本均值 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbar%7BY%7D">。</p>
<p>投影矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 经常出现在最小二乘回归的代数运算中。该矩阵具有以下重要性质。</p>
<div id="thm-P-properties" class="theorem">
<p><span class="theorem-title"><strong>定理 2 (投影矩阵的性质)</strong></span> 任何 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Ctimes%20k%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D"> 与 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Cgeq"> <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k"> 的投影矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D"> 具有以下代数性质。</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 是对称的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%5Cright)">。</p></li>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 是幂等的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?(%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%20P%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D)">。</p></li>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Coperatorname%7Btr%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=k">。</p></li>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 的特征值为 1 和 0 。</p></li>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k"> 特征值等于 1 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n-k"> 等于 0 。</p></li>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Coperatorname%7Brank%7D(%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D)=k">。</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<p>我们通过证明 定理&nbsp;2 中的主张来结束本节。</p>
<p>第 1 部分成立，因为</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20&amp;=%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;=%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cleft(%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft((%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20.%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p>为了建立第 2 部分，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%20X%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D"> 的事实意味着</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%0A"></p>
<p>对于第 3 部分，</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Coperatorname%7Btr%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Coperatorname%7Btr%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright)=%5Coperatorname%7Btr%7D%5Cleft(%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)=%5Coperatorname%7Btr%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_%7Bk%7D%5Cright)=k%20.%0A"></p>
<p>跟踪算子的定义和属性见附录 A.5。</p>
<p>附录 A.11 表明第 4 部分适用于任何幂等矩阵。对于第 5 部分，由于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Coperatorname%7Btr%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 等于第 3 部分的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n"> 特征值和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Coperatorname%7Btr%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=k"> 之和，因此有 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k"> 特征值等于 1，其余 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n-k"> 等于 0。</p>
<p>对于第 6 部分，观察 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 是半正定的，因为它的特征值都是非负的。根据定理 A.4.5，它的秩等于正特征值的数量，即声称的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k">。</p>
</section>
<section id="零化矩阵22" class="level2" data-number="3">
<h2 data-number="3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="零化矩阵22"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> 零化矩阵<sup>3</sup></h2>
<p>定义</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_%7Bn%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_%7Bn%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_%7Bn%7D"> 是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Ctimes%20n"> 单位矩阵。</p>
<p>可以看到，</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D=%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_%7Bn%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%5Cright)%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D=0%20.%0A"></p>
<p>因此 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D"> 是正交的。</p>
<p>我们称 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D"> 为零化矩阵（Annihilator<sup>4</sup> matrix），因为对于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D"> 的范围空间中的任何矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%5CGamma%7D">，那么</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%20Z%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BZ%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%20Z%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7B0%7D%0A"></p>
<p>例如，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B1%7D=0"> 表示 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%20P%7D=0"> 的任何子组件 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D_%7B1%7D">（参见练习 3.7）。</p>
<p>零化矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D"> 与 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 具有相似的性质，包括 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D"> 是对称的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D%5Cright)"> 和幂等的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?(%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D%20M=%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D)">。因此它是一个投影矩阵。</p>
<p>与 定理&nbsp;2 类似，我们可以计算</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Coperatorname%7Btr%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D=n-k%20.%0A"></p>
<p>（见习题 3.9。）一个暗示是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D"> 的秩是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n-k">。</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 创建拟合值，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D"> 创建最小二乘残差：</p>
<p><span id="eq-M-residual"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%20Y%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%20Y%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%7D=%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D%0A%5Ctag%7B3%7D"></span></p>
<p>如上一节所述，投影矩阵的一个特殊示例出现在 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D=%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D"> 是一个由 1 组成的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n">-vector 时，因此 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5Cleft(%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D">。相关的零化矩阵是</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_%7Bn%7D-%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BI%7D_%7Bn%7D-%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5Cleft(%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20.%0A"></p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D"> 创建样本均值向量，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D"> 创建离均值：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%20Y%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D-%5Cmathbf%7B1%7D_%7Bn%7D%20%5Cbar%7BY%7D%0A"></p>
<p>为简单起见，我们通常将右侧写为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y-%5Cbar%7BY%7D">。 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?i%5E%7Bt%20h%7D"> 元素是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y_%7Bi%7D-%5Cbar%7BY%7D">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y_%7Bi%7D"> 的离均值</p>
<p>我们还可以使用 式&nbsp;3 为残差向量写一个替代表达式。将 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D="> <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%20%5Cbeta%7D%20+%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D"> 代入 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D"> 并使用 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D=%5Cmathbf%7B0%7D"> 我们发现</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BY%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%20%5Cbeta%7D%20+%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D)=%5Cboldsymbol%7BM%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7Be%7D%0A"></p>
<p>它不依赖于回归系数 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta">。</p>
</section>
<section id="影响力值23" class="level2" data-number="4">
<h2 data-number="4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="影响力值23"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> 影响力值<sup>5</sup></h2>
<p>回归矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D"> 的影响力值是投影矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D"> 的对角线元素。有 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n"> 影响力值，通常写为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?h_%7Bi%20i%7D"> 对应 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?i=1,%20%5Cldots,%20n">。自从</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cleft(%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D%0AX_%7B1%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5C%5C%0AX_%7B2%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5C%5C%0A%5Cvdots%20%5C%5C%0AX_%7Bn%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%0A%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright)%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft(%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bllll%7D%0AX_%7B1%7D%20&amp;%20X_%7B2%7D%20&amp;%20%5Ccdots%20&amp;%20X_%7Bn%7D%0A%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright)%0A"></p>
<p>他们是</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Ah_%7Bi%20i%7D=X_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20X_%7Bi%7D%0A"></p>
<p>影响力值 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?h_%7Bi%20i%7D"> 是观察到的回归向量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7Bi%7D"> 的标准化长度。它们经常出现在最小二乘回归的代数和统计分析中，包括留一法回归、有影响的观察、稳健的协方差矩阵估计和交叉验证。</p>
<p>现在列出了影响力值的一些属性。</p>
<div id="thm-leverage-properties" class="theorem">
<p><span class="theorem-title"><strong>定理 3 (影响力值的性质)</strong></span> &nbsp;</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?0%20%5Cleq%20h_%7Bi%20i%7D%20%5Cleq%201">。</p></li>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?h_%7Bi%20i%7D%20%5Cgeq%201%20/%20n"> 如果 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X"> 包含截距。</p></li>
<li><p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20h_%7Bi%20i%7D=k">。</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<p>影响力值 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?h_%7Bi%20i%7D"> 衡量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?i%5E%7Bt%20h%7D"> 观察 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7Bi%7D"> 相对于样本中其他观察的异常程度。当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7Bi%7D"> 与其他样本值完全不同时，会出现较大的 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?h_%7Bi%20i%7D">。衡量整体异常性的是最大影响力值</p>
<p><span id="eq-leverage-max"><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbar%7Bh%7D=%5Cmax%20_%7B1%20%5Cleq%20i%20%5Cleq%20n%7D%20h_%7Bi%20i%7D%20.%0A%5Ctag%7B4%7D"></span></p>
<p>通常说，当影响力值都大致相等时，回归设计是平衡的。从 定理&nbsp;3 我们推导出当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?h_%7Bi%20i%7D=%5Cbar%7Bh%7D=k%20/%20n"> 时出现完全平衡。完全平衡的一个例子是，当回归变量都是正交虚拟变量时，每个变量都有相同的 0 和 1 出现。</p>
<p>如果某些影响力值与其他影响力值高度不相等，则回归设计是不平衡的。最极端的情况是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbar%7Bh%7D=1">。发生这种情况的一个示例是，当有一个虚拟回归元仅对样本中的一个观察值取值为 1 时。</p>
<p>最大影响力值 式&nbsp;4 将根据回归变量的选择而变化。例如，考虑方程 (3.13)，对具有 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n=268"> 观察值的单身亚洲男性的工资回归。这个回归有 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbar%7Bh%7D=0.33">。如果省略平方经验回归量，则影响力值降至 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbar%7Bh%7D=0.10">。如果添加一个立方经验，它会增加到 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbar%7Bh%7D=0.76">。如果四次方和五次方相加，则增加到 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbar%7Bh%7D=0.99">。</p>
<p>一些推理过程（例如稳健的协方差矩阵估计和交叉验证）对高影响力值很敏感。我们稍后会回到这些问题。</p>
<p>我们现在证明 定理&nbsp;3。</p>
<p>对于第 1 部分，令 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?s_%7Bi%7D"> 为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?n%20%5Ctimes%201"> 单位向量，其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?i%5E%7Bt%20h%7D"> 位置为 1，其他位置为零，因此 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?h_%7Bi%20i%7D=s_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20s_%7Bi%7D">。然后应用二次不等式 (B.18) 和定理 3.3.4，</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Ah_%7Bi%20i%7D=s_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D%20s_%7Bi%7D%20%5Cleq%20s_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20s_%7Bi%7D%20%5Clambda_%7B%5Cmax%20%7D(%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D)=1%0A"></p>
<p>对于第 2 部分分区 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7Bi%7D=%5Cleft(1,%20Z_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D">。不失一般性，我们可以用离均值的值 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B*%7D=Z_%7Bi%7D-%5Cbar%7BZ%7D"> 替换 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Bi%7D">。然后因为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B*%7D"> 和截距是正交的</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0Ah_%7Bi%20i%7D%20&amp;=%5Cleft(1,%20Z_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B*%20%5Cprime%7D%5Cright)%5Cleft%5B%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bcc%7D%0An%20&amp;%200%20%5C%5C%0A0%20&amp;%20Z%5E%7B*%20%5Cprime%7D%20Z%5E%7B*%7D%0A%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%5D%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cleft(%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D%0A1%20%5C%5C%0AZ_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B*%7D%0A%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright)%20%5C%5C%0A&amp;=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D+Z_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B*%20%5Cprime%7D%5Cleft(Z%5E%7B*%20%5Cprime%7D%20Z%5E%7B*%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20Z_%7Bi%7D%5E%7B*%7D%20%5Cgeq%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%20.%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p>对于第 3 部分，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20h_%7Bi%20i%7D=%5Coperatorname%7Btr%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=k">，其中第二个等式是定理 3.3.3。</p>
<section id="sec-leverage-calc" class="level3" data-number="4.1">
<h3 data-number="4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="sec-leverage-calc"><span class="header-section-number">4.1</span> 影响力值的计算</h3>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BP%7D=%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%0A"></p>
<p>影响力值<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?h_%7Bii%7D">是上述投影矩阵的对角线元素，因此可以表达为：</p>
<p>第一步，先算出平方化矩阵<sup>6</sup>：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AH=%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Codot%0A%5Cleft(%0A%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%20%5Cotimes%0A%5Cleft(%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5E%7B%5Cprime%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7BX%7D%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%0A%5Cright)%0A"></p>
<p>第二步，对上述矩阵进行行加总求和：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0Ah_%7Bii%7D=%0A%5Csum_%7Bi%20=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7BH%7D%0A"></p>


</section>
</section>


<div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section id="footnotes" class="footnotes footnotes-end-of-document"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">脚注</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn1"><p>见Hansen教材 节3.10 Model in Matrix Notation↩︎</p></li>
<li id="fn2"><p>见Hansen教材 节3.11 Projection Matrix↩︎</p></li>
<li id="fn3"><p>见Hansen教材 节3.12 Annihilator Matrix↩︎</p></li>
<li id="fn4"><p>读作/əˈnaɪəˌleɪtər/↩︎</p></li>
<li id="fn5"><p>见Hansen教材 节3.19 Leverage Values↩︎</p></li>
<li id="fn6"><p>要注意后面部分是正常的矩阵运算<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cotimes">，然后再进行矩阵元素相乘运算<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Codot">。↩︎</p></li>
</ol>
</section></div> ]]></description>
  <category>符号体系</category>
  <category>单方程模型</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/notation-single/</guid>
  <pubDate>Sat, 27 Sep 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>逆回归OLS估计</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt2-27-reverse-reg/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<section id="计量理论分析过程" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="计量理论分析过程"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 计量理论分析过程</h2>
<section id="逆回归的基本概念" class="level3" data-number="1.1">
<h3 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="逆回归的基本概念"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> 逆回归的基本概念</h3>
<p>Galton在双变量分布中发现了一个有趣的特征。除了<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">的回归外，我们也可以进行<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">的回归。（在他的遗传学例子中，这是在给定子女身高的条件下，父母身高的最佳线性预测。）这种回归的形式为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0AY%20&amp;=%20X%5Cbeta%20+%20%5Calpha%20+%20e%20&amp;%20%5Ctext%7B(%E5%BC%8F1)%7D%5C%5C%0AX%20&amp;=%20Y%5Cbeta%5E*%20+%20%5Calpha%5E*%20+%20e%5E*%20&amp;%20%5Ctext%7B(%E5%BC%8F2)%7D%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p>这时式（2）被称为<strong>逆回归</strong>（reverse regression）。在这个方程中，系数<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha%5E%7B%5Cast%7D">、<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta%5E%7B%5Cast%7D">和误差项<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e%5E%7B%5Cast%7D">由线性投影定义。</p>
</section>
<section id="稳定总体中的逆回归" class="level3" data-number="1.2">
<h3 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="稳定总体中的逆回归"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> 稳定总体中的逆回归</h3>
<p>在<strong>稳定总体</strong>中，我们发现式（2）中的系数<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha%5E%7B%5Cast%7D">、<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta%5E%7B%5Cast%7D">和误差项<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?e%5E%7B%5Cast%7D">分别为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%5Cbeta%5E*%20&amp;=%20%5Ctext%7Bcorr%7D(X,Y)%20=%20%5Cbeta%20%5C%5C%0A%5Calpha%5E*%20&amp;=%20(1-%5Cbeta)%5Cmu%20=%20%5Calpha%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%0A"></p>
<p>这些系数与<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">投影中的系数完全相同！截距和斜率在正向和逆向投影中具有完全相同的值！[这种相等性并不特别重要；它是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">和<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">具有<strong>相同方差</strong>这一假设的产物。]</p>
</section>
<section id="常见的错误理解" class="level3" data-number="1.3">
<h3 data-number="1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="常见的错误理解"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> 常见的错误理解</h3>
<p>虽然这个代数发现相当简单，但它是反直觉的。相反，对于逆回归形式的常见但错误的猜测是取方程<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y%20=%20X%5Cbeta%20+%20%5Calpha%20+%20e">，两边除以<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta">并重写得到方程：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AX%20=%20Y%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20-%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20-%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7De%0A"></p>
<p>这表明<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">的投影应该具有斜率系数<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D">而不是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta">，截距为<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?-%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D">而不是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Calpha">。</p>
<p>哪里出了问题？</p>
<p>方程 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X%20=%20Y%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20-%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20-%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7De"> 是完全有效的，因为它是对有效方程 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y%20=%20X%5Cbeta%20+%20%5Calpha%20+%20e"> 的简单操作。问题在于这个方程既不是条件期望函数（CEF）也不是线性投影。<strong>投影（或CEF）的逆运算不会产生投影（或CEF）</strong>。相反，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X%20=%20Y%5Cbeta%5E*%20+%20%5Calpha%5E*%20+%20e%5E*"> 是有效的投影，而不是<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X%20=Y%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20-%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20-%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7De">。</p>
<p>无论如何，Galton的发现是当变量被标准化时，两个投影（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">，以及<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">）中的斜率都等于相关系数，两个方程都表现出<strong>回归到均值</strong>的现象。这不是因果关系，而是联合分布的自然特征。</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="r代码复现" class="level2" data-number="2">
<h2 data-number="2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="r代码复现"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> R代码复现</h2>
<section id="复现步骤和基本过程" class="level3" data-number="2.1">
<h3 data-number="2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="复现步骤和基本过程"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> 复现步骤和基本过程</h3>
<p>关于数据生成过程，我们使用Cholesky分解方法生成双变量正态分布数据，分别模拟两种情形：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>方差相等情形</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">和<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">具有相同的方差（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma_X%5E2%20=%20%5Csigma_Y%5E2%20=%2016">）</li>
<li><strong>方差不相等情形</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">和<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">具有不同的方差（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma_X%5E2%20=%2016">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma_Y%5E2%20=%209">）</li>
</ol>
<p>对于每种情形，我们分别进行：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">的标准回归</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y%20=%20%5Calpha%20+%20%5Cbeta%20X%20+%20e"></li>
<li><strong><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">的逆回归</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X%20=%20%5Calpha%5E*%20+%20%5Cbeta%5E*%20Y%20+%20e%5E*"></li>
</ol>
<p>我们比较两种回归的系数是否相等：</p>
<p>（1）<strong>方差相等情形</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>正回归估计系数：$ = =r_{(X,Y)} $， <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D%20=%20%5Coverline%7BY%7D%20-%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20%5Coverline%7BX%7D">；</p></li>
<li><p>逆回归估计系数：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%5E*%7D%20=%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum%7By_ix_i%7D%7D%7B%5Csum%7By%5E2_i%7D%7D%20=%20r_%7BX,Y%7D=%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D">， <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%5E*%7D%20=%20%5Coverline%7BX%7D%20-%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%5E*%20%5Coverline%7BY%7D%20%5Cneq%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D"></p></li>
</ul>
<p>（2）<strong>方差不相等情形</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>正回归估计系数：$ = r_{(X,Y)} $， <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D%20=%20%5Coverline%7BY%7D%20-%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20%5Coverline%7BX%7D">；</p></li>
<li><p>逆回归估计系数：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%5E*%7D%20=%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum%7By_ix_i%7D%7D%7B%5Csum%7By%5E2_i%7D%7D%20%5Cneq%20r_%7BX,Y%7D%20%5Cneq%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%7D">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%5E*%7D%20=%20%5Coverline%7BX%7D%20-%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Cbeta%5E*%7D%20%5Coverline%7BY%7D%20%5Cneq%20%5Cwidehat%7B%5Calpha%7D"></p></li>
</ul>
<p>最后，我们复现了错误理解的逆回归过程，并进行结果比较。</p>
<p>常见的错误理解是简单地对方程 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y%20=%20%5Calpha%20+%20%5Cbeta%20X%20+%20e">（正回归）进行代数变换：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AX%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7DY%20-%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20-%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7De%0A"></p>
<p>这种方法得到的系数 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?-%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B%5Cbeta%7D"> 并不是有效的线性投影系数。</p>
</section>
<section id="方差相等情形复现结果" class="level3" data-number="2.2">
<h3 data-number="2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="方差相等情形复现结果"><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> 方差相等情形复现结果</h3>
<p>为了方便大家复现，我们在这里给出相关的xlsx数据集（<a href="resources/chpt2-27-equal.xlsx">点击下载</a>）。</p>
<p>数据集基本情况和回归系数比较表如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-comparison-info-equal" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure">
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-comparison-info-equal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
表&nbsp;1: 数据集基本情况和回归系数比较表（方差相等）
</figcaption>
<div aria-describedby="tbl-comparison-info-equal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table-sm small">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">统计</th>
<th style="text-align: center;" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">Y对X</th>
<th style="text-align: center;" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">X对Y</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">X均值</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">168.2260</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">168.2260</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">Y均值</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">168.3368</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">168.3368</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">X标准差</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">15.3921</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">15.3921</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">Y标准差</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">15.3921</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">15.3921</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">相关系数</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.5937</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.5937</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">样本量</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1000.0000</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1000.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">截距</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">68.4561</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">68.2795</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">斜率</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.5937</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.5937</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">错误截距</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NA</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">-115.2985</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">错误斜率</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NA</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.6843</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div id="fig-regression-plots-equal" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-regression-plots-equal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt2-27-reverse-reg/images/regression_plots.png" class="img-fluid figure-img">
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-regression-plots-equal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
图&nbsp;1: OLS回归估计和逆回归估计（方差相等）
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>在方差相等的情况下，我们验证了以下重要结论：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>系数相等性</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">的回归系数与<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">的逆回归系数完全相等</li>
<li><strong>截距相等性</strong>：两个回归的截距也相等</li>
<li><strong>相关系数性质</strong>：相关系数等于两个回归的斜率系数</li>
<li><strong>错误理解的逆回归</strong>：错误理解的逆回归得到的系数与理论值不一致</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="方差不相等情形复现结果" class="level3" data-number="2.3">
<h3 data-number="2.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="方差不相等情形复现结果"><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> 方差不相等情形复现结果</h3>
<p>为了方便大家复现，我们在这里给出相关的xlsx数据集（<a href="resources/chpt2-27-unequal.xlsx">点击下载</a>）。</p>
<p>数据集基本情况和回归系数比较表如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div id="tbl-comparison-info-unequal" class="cell quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-tbl figure">
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-top quarto-float-caption quarto-float-tbl" id="tbl-comparison-info-unequal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
表&nbsp;2: 数据集基本情况和回归系数比较表（方差不相等）
</figcaption>
<div aria-describedby="tbl-comparison-info-unequal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed do-not-create-environment cell caption-top table-sm small">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">统计</th>
<th style="text-align: center;" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">X对Y</th>
<th style="text-align: center;" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th">Y对X</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">X均值</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">167.9507</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">167.9507</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">Y均值</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">168.1132</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">168.1132</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">X标准差</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">15.9598</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">15.9598</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">Y标准差</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">8.6626</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">8.6626</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">相关系数</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.6121</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.6121</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">样本量</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1000.0000</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1000.0000</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">截距</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">92.3700</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">28.2678</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">斜率</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.4510</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.8309</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">错误截距</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NA</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">-204.8186</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">错误斜率</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NA</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">2.2174</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div id="fig-regression-plots-unequal" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-regression-plots-unequal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt2-27-reverse-reg/images/regression_plots_unequal.png" class="img-fluid figure-img">
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-regression-plots-unequal-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
图&nbsp;2: OLS回归估计和逆回归估计（方差不相等）
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<p>在方差不相等的情况下，我们观察到：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>系数不相等性</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">的回归系数与<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">对<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">的逆回归系数不相等</li>
<li><strong>截距不相等性</strong>：两个回归的截距也不相等</li>
<li><strong>相关系数性质</strong>：相关系数不等于斜率系数</li>
<li><strong>错误理解的逆回归</strong>：错误理解的逆回归得到的系数与理论值不一致</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="理论意义" class="level3" data-number="2.4">
<h3 data-number="2.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="理论意义"><span class="header-section-number">2.4</span> 理论意义</h3>
<p>通过对比两种情形的结果，我们验证了Galton的重要发现：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>稳定总体的重要性</strong>：只有在稳定总体中（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X">和<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y">具有相同方差），正向和逆向投影才具有相同的斜率系数</li>
<li><strong>回归到均值的对称性</strong>：在稳定总体中，两个回归方程都表现出回归到均值的特征</li>
<li><strong>投影与逆运算的区别</strong>：理解投影的逆运算与逆投影之间的区别对于正确理解回归分析至关重要</li>
<li><strong>方差相等性的关键作用</strong>：方差相等性是逆回归对称性质的必要条件</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
<section id="使用cholesky分解生成相关数据" class="level2" data-number="3">
<h2 data-number="3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="使用cholesky分解生成相关数据"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> 使用Cholesky分解生成相关数据</h2>
<p>Cholesky分解是一种将正定对称矩阵分解为下三角矩阵与其转置乘积的方法。在生成相关数据时，我们利用这个性质来构造具有指定协方差结构的多元正态分布数据。</p>
<section id="cholesky分解的性质和过程" class="level3" data-number="3.1">
<h3 data-number="3.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="cholesky分解的性质和过程"><span class="header-section-number">3.1</span> Cholesky分解的性质和过程</h3>
<p>对于正定对称协方差矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CSigma">，存在下三角矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?L">，使得：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5CSigma%20=%20LL%5ET%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?L"> 是下三角矩阵，满足 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?L_%7Bij%7D%20=%200"> 当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?i%20%3C%20j"> 时。</p>
<p>如果我们有独立的标准正态随机变量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z%20=%20(Z_1,%20Z_2,%20...,%20Z_n)%5ET">，其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z_i%20%5Csim%20N(0,1)"> 且相互独立，那么通过线性变换：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AX%20=%20LZ%20+%20%5Cmu%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmu"> 是均值向量，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X"> 将具有协方差矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CSigma"> 和均值 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cmu">。</p>
<p>对于双变量情况，协方差矩阵为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5CSigma%20=%20%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D%0A%5Csigma_X%5E2%20&amp;%20%5Crho%5Csigma_X%5Csigma_Y%20%5C%5C%0A%5Crho%5Csigma_X%5Csigma_Y%20&amp;%20%5Csigma_Y%5E2%0A%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D%0A"></p>
<p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma_X%5E2"> 是X的方差</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma_Y%5E2"> 是Y的方差<br>
</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Crho"> 是相关系数</li>
</ul>
<p>具体过程如下：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>输入</strong>：协方差矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CSigma"></li>
<li><strong>计算</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?L%20=%20%5Ctext%7Bchol%7D(%5CSigma)"></li>
<li><strong>结果</strong>：下三角矩阵 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?L">，满足 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5CSigma%20=%20LL%5ET"></li>
</ol>
<p>数据生成步骤如下：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>生成独立标准正态变量</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z%20%5Csim%20N(0,%20I)"></li>
<li><strong>应用线性变换</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?XY%20=%20ZL%5ET"></li>
<li><strong>添加均值</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X%20=%20XY_1%20+%20%5Cmu_X">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y%20=%20XY_2%20+%20%5Cmu_Y"></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="为什么这种方法有效" class="level3" data-number="3.2">
<h3 data-number="3.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="为什么这种方法有效"><span class="header-section-number">3.2</span> 为什么这种方法有效？</h3>
<p><strong>线性变换保持正态性</strong>：如果 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Z"> 是多元正态分布，那么 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X%20=%20LZ%20+%20%5Cmu"> 也是多元正态分布。</p>
<p><strong>协方差矩阵的变换</strong>：</p>
<p>对于线性变换 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X%20=%20LZ%20+%20%5Cmu">，有：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7BCov%7D(X)%20=%20L%20%5Ctext%7BCov%7D(Z)%20L%5ET%20=%20L%20I%20L%5ET%20=%20LL%5ET%20=%20%5CSigma%0A"></p>
<p><strong>均值的变换</strong>：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BX%5D%20=%20L%5Cmathbb%7BE%7D%5BZ%5D%20+%20%5Cmu%20=%20L%20%5Ccdot%200%20+%20%5Cmu%20=%20%5Cmu%0A"></p>
<p>优势如下：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>精确性</strong>：能够精确生成具有指定协方差结构的数据</li>
<li><strong>效率</strong>：计算复杂度相对较低</li>
<li><strong>数值稳定性</strong>：Cholesky分解数值稳定性好</li>
<li><strong>灵活性</strong>：可以轻松扩展到更高维的情况</li>
</ol>
<p>在逆回归验证中的作用如下：</p>
<p>在逆回归验证中，Cholesky分解确保了：</p>
<ul>
<li>X和Y具有指定的方差（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Csigma_X%5E2%20=%20%5Csigma_Y%5E2%20=%2016">）</li>
<li>X和Y具有指定的相关系数（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Crho%20=%200.6">）</li>
<li>数据服从双变量正态分布</li>
<li>为后续验证逆回归性质提供了理想的数据基础</li>
</ul>
<p>这种方法特别适合验证理论性质，因为它能够精确控制数据的统计特性，使得理论预期与经验结果能够完美匹配。</p>


</section>
</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>OLS</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt2-27-reverse-reg/</guid>
  <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>二元回归OLS估计与SSE函数</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt3-6-ls-two/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<p>在计量经济学中，当解释变量超过一个时，我们就进入了多元回归的领域。本节我们考虑有两个解释变量的二元回归模型，这是从一元回归到多元回归的重要过渡。</p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt3-6-ls-two/images/2022_09_17_333a3ece3fb3afcc15d0g-07.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<figcaption>二元回归OLS估计与SSE函数</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<section id="模型设定和ols估计量" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型设定和ols估计量"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 模型设定和OLS估计量</h2>
<p>考虑二元回归模型： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY_i%20=%20X_%7B1i%7D%20%5Cbeta_1%20+%20X_%7B2i%7D%20%5Cbeta_2%20+%20%5Cvarepsilon_i%0A"></p>
<p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y_i"> 是被解释变量</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_%7B1i%7D,%20X_%7B2i%7D"> 是解释变量（标量）</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_1,%20%5Cbeta_2"> 是回归系数（标量）</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cvarepsilon_i"> 是误差项</li>
</ul>
<p>使用矩阵表示，可以写成： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY_i%20=%20X_i'%20%5Cbeta%20+%20%5Cvarepsilon_i%0A"></p>
<p>其中 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_i%20=%20(X_%7B1i%7D,%20X_%7B2i%7D)'">，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta%20=%20(%5Cbeta_1,%20%5Cbeta_2)'">。</p>
<p>最小二乘估计的目标是找到参数向量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 的估计值 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D">，使得残差平方和（Sum of Squared Errors, SSE）最小：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20%5Carg%5Cmin_%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D(Y_i%20-%20X_i'%20%5Cbeta)%5E2%0A"></p>
</section>
<section id="ols估计量推导" class="level2" data-number="2">
<h2 data-number="2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ols估计量推导"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> OLS估计量推导</h2>
<p>残差平方和函数为： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D(Y_i%20-%20X_i'%20%5Cbeta)%5E2%0A"></p>
<p>展开平方项： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D(Y_i%5E2%20-%202Y_i%20X_i'%20%5Cbeta%20+%20%5Cbeta'%20X_i%20X_i'%20%5Cbeta)%0A"></p>
<p>整理得到： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20Y_i%5E2%20-%202%5Cbeta'%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i%20+%20%5Cbeta'%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20X_i'%20%5Cbeta%0A"></p>
<p>这是一个关于向量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 的二次函数。</p>
<section id="一阶条件" class="level3" data-number="2.1">
<h3 data-number="2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="一阶条件"><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> 一阶条件</h3>
<p>对 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)"> 关于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 求导： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cbeta%7D%20%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%20-2%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i%20+%202%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20X_i'%20%5Cbeta%0A"></p>
<p>令导数等于零： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A-2%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i%20+%202%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20X_i'%20%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%200%0A"></p>
<p>整理得到： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20X_i'%20%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i%0A"></p>
</section>
<section id="矩阵解" class="level3" data-number="2.2">
<h3 data-number="2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="矩阵解"><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> 矩阵解</h3>
<p>这是一个线性方程组 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BA%7D%20%5Cboldsymbol%7Bb%7D%20=%20%5Cboldsymbol%7Bc%7D">，其中： - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7BA%7D%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20X_i'">（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k%20%5Ctimes%20k"> 矩阵） - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7Bb%7D%20=%20%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D">（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k%20%5Ctimes%201"> 向量） - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cboldsymbol%7Bc%7D%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i">（<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?k%20%5Ctimes%201"> 向量）</p>
<p>解为： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20%5Cleft(%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20X_i'%5Cright)%5E%7B-1%7D%20%5Cleft(%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i%5Cright)%0A"></p>
<p>这就是二元回归的OLS估计量。</p>
</section>
<section id="二阶条件" class="level3" data-number="2.3">
<h3 data-number="2.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="二阶条件"><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> 二阶条件</h3>
<p>验证二阶条件，计算Hessian矩阵： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cbeta%20%5Cpartial%20%5Cbeta'%7D%20%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%202%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20X_i'%0A"></p>
<p>这是一个半正定矩阵。如果它是正定的，则二阶条件满足，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D"> 是 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)"> 的唯一最小值点。</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="残差平方和函数的几何性质" class="level2" data-number="3">
<h2 data-number="3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="残差平方和函数的几何性质"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> 残差平方和函数的几何性质</h2>
<p>残差平方和函数 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)"> 是关于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_1"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_2"> 的二次函数，具有以下几何性质：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong>三维表面</strong>：<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)"> 在 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?(%5Cbeta_1,%20%5Cbeta_2,%20%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D)"> 空间中形成一个碗状的三维表面</li>
<li><strong>等高线</strong>：在 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?(%5Cbeta_1,%20%5Cbeta_2)"> 平面上的等高线是椭圆形的</li>
<li><strong>最小值点</strong>：OLS估计量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D"> 对应SSE函数的最小值点</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="r代码复现过程" class="level2 page-columns page-full" data-number="4">
<h2 data-number="4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="r代码复现过程"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> R代码复现过程</h2>
<section id="数据生成" class="level3 page-columns page-full" data-number="4.1">
<h3 data-number="4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="数据生成"><span class="header-section-number">4.1</span> 1. 数据生成</h3>
<p>根据教材内容，我们生成模拟数据： - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_1,%20X_2%20%5Csim%20U%5B0,2%5D">（均匀分布） - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y%20%5Csim%20N(2%20+%203X_1%20+%202X_2,%201)">（正态分布，包含截距项）</p>
<p>我们估计如下有截距模型：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY_i%20=%20%5Cbeta_0%20+%20%5Cbeta_1%20X_%7B1i%7D%20+%20%5Cbeta_2%20X_%7B2i%7D%20+%20%5Cvarepsilon_i%0A"></p>
<p>模拟数据集如下：</p>
<div class="cell page-columns page-full">
<div class="cell-output-display column-body-outset">
<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-96d08be157cec943be1a" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
<script type="application/json" 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</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="ols估计" class="level3" data-number="4.2">
<h3 data-number="4.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ols估计"><span class="header-section-number">4.2</span> 2. OLS估计</h3>
<p>使用矩阵公式计算OLS估计量。</p>
<p>以下是R估计结果的初始报告摘要：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
lm(formula = Y ~ X1 + X2, data = data_multiple)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-2.20867 -0.78872 -0.01709  0.94092  1.89296 

Coefficients:
            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
(Intercept)   1.9618     0.2675   7.334 6.79e-11 ***
X1            2.9670     0.1752  16.933  &lt; 2e-16 ***
X2            1.9607     0.1699  11.538  &lt; 2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.981 on 97 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.8296,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.8261 
F-statistic: 236.2 on 2 and 97 DF,  p-value: &lt; 2.2e-16</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>对上述结果进行整理得到如下估计方程表达式：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Balignedat%7D%7B999%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0A&amp;%5Cwidehat%7BY%7D=&amp;&amp;+1.9618&amp;&amp;+2.9670X1_i&amp;&amp;+1.9607X2_i%5C%5C%0A&amp;(s)&amp;&amp;(0.2675)&amp;&amp;(0.1752)&amp;&amp;(0.1699)%5C%5C%0A&amp;(t)&amp;&amp;(+7.33)&amp;&amp;(+16.93)&amp;&amp;(+11.54)%5C%5C%0A&amp;(over)&amp;&amp;n=100&amp;&amp;%5Chat%7B%5Csigma%7D=0.9810%20&amp;&amp;%5C%5C%0A&amp;(fit)&amp;&amp;R%5E2=0.8296&amp;&amp;%5Cbar%7BR%7D%5E2=0.8261%20&amp;&amp;%5C%5C%0A&amp;(Ftest)&amp;&amp;F%5E*=236.16&amp;&amp;p=0.0000%20&amp;&amp;%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cend%7Balignedat%7D%0A"></p>
</section>
<section id="计算拟合值和残差" class="level3 page-columns page-full" data-number="4.3">
<h3 data-number="4.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="计算拟合值和残差"><span class="header-section-number">4.3</span> 3. 计算拟合值和残差</h3>
<p>根据OLS估计量计算拟合值和残差。</p>
<p>以下是拟合值和残差的计算结果表：</p>
<div class="cell page-columns page-full">
<div class="cell-output-display column-body-outset">
<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-4a59fdeb2d46a23dae54" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
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</div>
</section>
<section id="绘制图形1三维回归平面图" class="level3 page-columns page-full" data-number="4.4">
<h3 data-number="4.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="绘制图形1三维回归平面图"><span class="header-section-number">4.4</span> 4. 绘制图形1：三维回归平面图</h3>
<p>根据拟合值和残差计算结果绘制三维图形。图形如下：</p>
<div class="cell column-page">
<div id="fig-3d-regression" class="cell-output-display quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-3d-regression-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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图&nbsp;1: 数据点和回归平面
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</figure>
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</div>
</section>
<section id="绘制图形2sse函数三维表面图" class="level3 page-columns page-full" data-number="4.5">
<h3 data-number="4.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="绘制图形2sse函数三维表面图"><span class="header-section-number">4.5</span> 5. 绘制图形2：SSE函数三维表面图</h3>
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<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-3d-sse-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
图&nbsp;2: SSE函数关于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_1"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_2"> 的三维表面形状
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="绘制图形3sse等高线图" class="level3 page-columns page-full" data-number="4.6">
<h3 data-number="4.6" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="绘制图形3sse等高线图"><span class="header-section-number">4.6</span> 6. 绘制图形3：SSE等高线图</h3>
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<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-sse-contour-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
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</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-sse-contour-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
图&nbsp;3: SSE函数关于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_1"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_2"> 的等高线图
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="复现结果评注" class="level2" data-number="5">
<h2 data-number="5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="复现结果评注"><span class="header-section-number">5</span> 复现结果评注</h2>
<p>通过本次复现，我们得到了以下结果：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p><strong>OLS估计量</strong>：通过最小化残差平方和，我们得到了回归系数向量 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20(%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_0,%20%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_1,%20%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2)'">。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>图形分析</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>图1显示了数据点、回归平面和残差（垂直距离），直观展示了多元最小二乘估计的几何意义</li>
<li>图2显示了SSE函数关于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_1"> 和 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta_2"> 的三维表面形状，最小值点对应OLS估计量</li>
<li>图3显示了SSE函数的等高线图，椭圆形等高线反映了参数之间的相关性</li>
</ul></li>
<li><p><strong>理论验证</strong>：通过验证SSE函数的二次形式和Hessian矩阵的正定性，确认了数学推导的正确性。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>矩阵运算</strong>：展示了如何使用矩阵代数求解多元回归的OLS估计量，为后续更复杂的多元回归模型奠定了基础。</p></li>
</ol>
<p>这个复现完整地展示了多元最小二乘估计的理论基础和实际应用。</p>


</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>单方程模型</category>
  <category>OLS</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt3-6-ls-two/</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
</item>
<item>
  <title>一元回归OLS估计与SSE函数</title>
  <dc:creator>胡华平 </dc:creator>
  <link>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt3-5-ls-one/</link>
  <description><![CDATA[ 





<p>在计量经济学中，最小二乘法（Least Squares）是估计线性回归模型参数的基本方法。本节我们考虑最简单的情况：只有一个解释变量的一元回归模型。</p>
<section id="模型设定和ols估计量" class="level2" data-number="1">
<h2 data-number="1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="模型设定和ols估计量"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 模型设定和OLS估计量</h2>
<p>考虑一元回归模型： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY_i%20=%20X_i%20%5Cbeta%20+%20%5Cvarepsilon_i%0A"></p>
<p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y_i"> 是被解释变量</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_i"> 是解释变量（标量）</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 是回归系数（标量）</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cvarepsilon_i"> 是误差项</li>
</ul>
<p>最小二乘估计的目标是找到参数 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 的估计值 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D">，使得残差平方和（Sum of Squared Errors, SSE）最小：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20%5Carg%5Cmin_%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D(Y_i%20-%20X_i%20%5Cbeta)%5E2%0A"></p>
</section>
<section id="ols估计量推导" class="level2" data-number="2">
<h2 data-number="2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ols估计量推导"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> OLS估计量推导</h2>
<p>对于二次函数 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?a%20-%202bx%20+%20cx%5E2">，其最小值点为 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?x%20=%20b/c">。</p>
<p>因此，<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)"> 的最小值点为： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i%7D%7B%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%5E2%7D%0A"></p>
<p>这就是一元回归的OLS估计量。</p>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-note callout-titled" title="仅截距项模型">
<div class="callout-header d-flex align-content-center">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
<span class="screen-reader-only">注记</span>仅截距项模型
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>当 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X_i%20=%201"> 时（截距项模型），OLS估计量简化为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%201%20%5Ccdot%20Y_i%7D%7B%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%201%5E2%7D%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20Y_i%20=%20%5Cbar%7BY%7D%0A"></p>
<p>即样本均值。</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="残差平方和函数" class="level2" data-number="3">
<h2 data-number="3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="残差平方和函数"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> 残差平方和函数</h2>
<p>残差平方和函数为：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D(Y_i%20-%20X_i%20%5Cbeta)%5E2%0A"></p>
<p>展开平方项：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D(Y_i%5E2%20-%202Y_i%20X_i%20%5Cbeta%20+%20X_i%5E2%20%5Cbeta%5E2)%0A"></p>
<p>整理得到： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%20%5Cleft(%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20Y_i%5E2%5Cright)%20-%202%5Cbeta%5Cleft(%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i%5Cright)%20+%20%5Cbeta%5E2%5Cleft(%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%5E2%5Cright)%0A"></p>
<p>这是一个关于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 的二次函数，可以写成：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%20a%20-%202b%5Cbeta%20+%20c%5Cbeta%5E2%0A"></p>
<p>其中：</p>
<ul>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?a%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20Y_i%5E2"></li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?b%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i"><br>
</li>
<li><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?c%20=%20%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%5E2"></li>
</ul>
<p>残差平方和函数最小值点的求解过程：</p>
<p>对 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)"> 关于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 求导： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bd%5Cbeta%7D%5Ctext%7BSSE%7D(%5Cbeta)%20=%20%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bd%5Cbeta%7D(a%20-%202b%5Cbeta%20+%20c%5Cbeta%5E2)%20=%20-2b%20+%202c%5Cbeta%0A"></p>
<p>令导数等于零： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A-2b%20+%202c%5Cbeta%20=%200%0A"></p>
<p>解得： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A2c%5Cbeta%20=%202b%20%5Cquad%20%5CRightarrow%20%5Cquad%20%5Cbeta%20=%20%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Bc%7D%0A"></p>
<p>因此，残差平方和函数最小值点为： <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D%20=%20%5Cfrac%7Bb%7D%7Bc%7D%20=%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%20Y_i%7D%7B%5Csum_%7Bi=1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20X_i%5E2%7D%0A"></p>
<p>这其实就是OLS估计量。</p>
</section>
<section id="r代码复现过程" class="level2" data-number="4">
<h2 data-number="4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="r代码复现过程"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> R代码复现过程</h2>
<section id="数据生成" class="level3" data-number="4.1">
<h3 data-number="4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="数据生成"><span class="header-section-number">4.1</span> 1. 数据生成</h3>
<p>根据教材脚注，我们生成模拟数据： - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?X%20%5Csim%20U%5B0,1%5D">（均匀分布） - <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?Y%20%5Csim%20N(3X,%201)">（正态分布，均值为3X，方差为1）</p>
<p>我们估计如下无截距模型：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0AY_i%20=%20%5Cbeta_2%20X_i%20+%20%5Cvarepsilon_i%0A"></p>
<p>模拟数据集如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-44474b3e8cd160f85a98" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-44474b3e8cd160f85a98">{"x":{"filter":"none","vertical":false,"caption":"<caption>模拟数据集<\/caption>","data":[[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20],[0.2875775201246142,0.7883051354438066,0.4089769218116999,0.8830174040049314,0.9404672842938453,0.04555649938993156,0.5281054880470037,0.8924190443940461,0.5514350144658238,0.4566147353034467,0.9568333453498781,0.4533341561909765,0.6775706354528666,0.5726334019564092,0.1029246826656163,0.8998249704018235,0.2460877343546599,0.04205953353084624,0.3279207192827016,0.9545036491472274],[2.086814357813304,2.724729233388784,1.627702216029152,2.759734927959914,2.265560718127461,1.923582634972873,2.082166942370251,0.7106399765525,2.355660944961157,0.8970527981824059,1.802676330062789,1.142027553914634,1.00670745805136,0.9890089765780874,-0.3162652198524079,1.012781600463057,1.576050247558504,0.2795517184290539,-0.1543747791638428,4.117325868511609]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th>i<\/th>\n      <th>X<\/th>\n      <th>Y<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":10,"dom":"tip","filter":"top","scrollX":true,"columnDefs":[{"targets":1,"render":"function(data, type, row, meta) {\n    return type !== 'display' ? data : DTWidget.formatRound(data, 4, 3, \",\", \".\", null);\n  }"},{"targets":2,"render":"function(data, type, row, meta) {\n    return type !== 'display' ? data : DTWidget.formatRound(data, 4, 3, \",\", \".\", null);\n  }"},{"className":"dt-right","targets":[0,1,2]},{"name":"i","targets":0},{"name":"X","targets":1},{"name":"Y","targets":2}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false}},"evals":["options.columnDefs.0.render","options.columnDefs.1.render"],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="ols估计" class="level3" data-number="4.2">
<h3 data-number="4.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ols估计"><span class="header-section-number">4.2</span> 2. OLS估计</h3>
<p>根据公式(3.7)计算OLS估计量。</p>
<p>以下是R估计结果的初始报告摘要：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
lm(formula = Y ~ 0 + X, data = data)

Residuals:
     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
-1.55675 -0.59042  0.08146  0.79300  1.80784 

Coefficients:
  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)    
X   2.5407     0.3461   7.341 5.87e-07 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 0.9749 on 19 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.7393,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.7256 
F-statistic: 53.89 on 1 and 19 DF,  p-value: 5.866e-07</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>对上述结果进行整理得到如下估计方程表达式：</p>
<p><img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%0A%5Cbegin%7Balignedat%7D%7B999%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bsplit%7D%0A&amp;%5Cwidehat%7BY%7D=&amp;&amp;+0.6163&amp;&amp;+1.6851X_i%5C%5C%0A&amp;(s)&amp;&amp;(0.4383)&amp;&amp;(0.6959)%5C%5C%0A&amp;(t)&amp;&amp;(+1.41)&amp;&amp;(+2.42)%5C%5C%0A&amp;(over)&amp;&amp;n=20&amp;&amp;%5Chat%7B%5Csigma%7D=0.9508%5C%5C%0A&amp;(fit)&amp;&amp;R%5E2=0.2457&amp;&amp;%5Cbar%7BR%7D%5E2=0.2038%5C%5C%0A&amp;(Ftest)&amp;&amp;F%5E*=5.86&amp;&amp;p=0.0262%0A%5Cend%7Bsplit%7D%0A%5Cend%7Balignedat%7D%0A"></p>
</section>
<section id="计算拟合值和残差" class="level3" data-number="4.3">
<h3 data-number="4.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="计算拟合值和残差"><span class="header-section-number">4.3</span> 3. 计算拟合值和残差</h3>
<p>根据OLS估计量计算拟合值和残差。</p>
<p>以下是拟合值和残差的计算结果表：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-2514ce28ae593bde0f73" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-2514ce28ae593bde0f73">{"x":{"filter":"none","vertical":false,"caption":"<caption>模拟数据集（包含均值行）<\/caption>","data":[["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","Mean","Total"],[0.2875775201246142,0.7883051354438066,0.4089769218116999,0.8830174040049314,0.9404672842938453,0.04555649938993156,0.5281054880470037,0.8924190443940461,0.5514350144658238,0.4566147353034467,0.9568333453498781,0.4533341561909765,0.6775706354528666,0.5726334019564092,0.1029246826656163,0.8998249704018235,0.2460877343546599,0.04205953353084624,0.3279207192827016,0.9545036491472274,0.5508083937806078,11.01616787561215],[2.086814357813304,2.724729233388784,1.627702216029152,2.759734927959914,2.265560718127461,1.923582634972873,2.082166942370251,0.7106399765525,2.355660944961157,0.8970527981824059,1.802676330062789,1.142027553914634,1.00670745805136,0.9890089765780874,-0.3162652198524079,1.012781600463057,1.576050247558504,0.2795517184290539,-0.1543747791638428,4.117325868511609,1.544456725245532,30.88913450491064],[0.7306535189812881,2.002861423220609,1.039095221957431,2.243498633962603,2.389462606320246,0.1157462397523241,1.341767371342762,2.267385555414344,1.40104113017722,1.160129494904901,2.431044160042773,1.151794466938236,1.721516233040395,1.454900264959429,0.2615026429989311,2.286201928462393,0.6252396536643439,0.1068614339803328,0.8331542305078581,2.425125057854652,1.399449063424154,27.98898126848307],[1.356160838832016,0.7218678101681748,0.5886069940717207,0.5162362939973115,-0.1239018881927847,1.807836395220549,0.7403995710274889,-1.556745578861844,0.9546198147839371,-0.2630766967224949,-0.6283678299799842,-0.009766913023601553,-0.7148087749890355,-0.4658912883813418,-0.577767862851339,-1.273420327999336,0.9508105938941604,0.1726902844487211,-0.9875290096717009,1.692200810656956,0.1450076618213787,2.900153236427573],[1.839172220781558,0.5210931353569961,0.3464581934701466,0.2664999112400787,0.01535167789773732,3.268272431884028,0.5481915247776895,2.423456797305897,0.9112989907781184,0.06920934835841956,0.3948461297537543,9.539259001059764e-05,0.5109515848013256,0.2170546925896265,0.3338157033438036,1.621599331761937,0.9040407854613661,0.02982193434298022,0.9752135449431703,2.86354358358806,0.9029993457513352,18.05998691502671]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th>i<\/th>\n      <th>X<\/th>\n      <th>Y<\/th>\n      <th>Y_hat<\/th>\n      <th>residuals<\/th>\n      <th>squared_residuals<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":10,"dom":"tip","filter":"top","scrollX":true,"columnDefs":[{"targets":1,"render":"function(data, type, row, meta) {\n    return type !== 'display' ? data : DTWidget.formatRound(data, 4, 3, \",\", \".\", null);\n  }"},{"targets":2,"render":"function(data, type, row, meta) {\n    return type !== 'display' ? data : DTWidget.formatRound(data, 4, 3, \",\", \".\", null);\n  }"},{"targets":3,"render":"function(data, type, row, meta) {\n    return type !== 'display' ? data : DTWidget.formatRound(data, 4, 3, \",\", \".\", null);\n  }"},{"targets":4,"render":"function(data, type, row, meta) {\n    return type !== 'display' ? data : DTWidget.formatRound(data, 4, 3, \",\", \".\", null);\n  }"},{"targets":5,"render":"function(data, type, row, meta) {\n    return type !== 'display' ? data : DTWidget.formatRound(data, 4, 3, \",\", \".\", null);\n  }"},{"className":"dt-right","targets":[1,2,3,4,5]},{"name":"i","targets":0},{"name":"X","targets":1},{"name":"Y","targets":2},{"name":"Y_hat","targets":3},{"name":"residuals","targets":4},{"name":"squared_residuals","targets":5}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"rowCallback":"function(row, data, displayNum, displayIndex, dataIndex) {\nvar value=data[0]; $(row).css({'background-color':value == \"Mean\" ? \"lightblue\" : value == \"Total\" ? \"lightgreen\" : null});\n}"}},"evals":["options.columnDefs.0.render","options.columnDefs.1.render","options.columnDefs.2.render","options.columnDefs.3.render","options.columnDefs.4.render","options.rowCallback"],"jsHooks":[]}</script>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="绘制图形1deviation-from-fitted-line" class="level3" data-number="4.4">
<h3 data-number="4.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="绘制图形1deviation-from-fitted-line"><span class="header-section-number">4.4</span> 4. 绘制图形1：Deviation from Fitted Line</h3>
<p>根据拟合值和残差计算结果绘制图形1。图形如下：</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="fig-deviation-from-fitted-line" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-deviation-from-fitted-line-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt3-5-ls-one/images/deviation_from_fitted_line.png" class="img-fluid figure-img">
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-deviation-from-fitted-line-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
图&nbsp;1: 数据点、样本回归线与残差
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="绘制图形2sum-of-squared-error-function" class="level3" data-number="4.5">
<h3 data-number="4.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="绘制图形2sum-of-squared-error-function"><span class="header-section-number">4.5</span> 5. 绘制图形2：Sum of Squared Error Function</h3>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div id="fig-sse-function" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-center anchored">
<figure class="quarto-float quarto-float-fig figure">
<div aria-describedby="fig-sse-function-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
<img src="https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt3-5-ls-one/images/sse_function.png" class="img-fluid figure-img">
</div>
<figcaption class="quarto-float-caption-bottom quarto-float-caption quarto-float-fig" id="fig-sse-function-caption-0ceaefa1-69ba-4598-a22c-09a6ac19f8ca">
图&nbsp;2: SSE函数关于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 的二次函数形状
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="复现结果评注" class="level2" data-number="5">
<h2 data-number="5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="复现结果评注"><span class="header-section-number">5</span> 复现结果评注</h2>
<p>通过本次复现，我们得到了以下结果：</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p><strong>OLS估计量</strong>：通过最小化残差平方和，我们得到了回归系数 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Chat%7B%5Cbeta%7D_2%20=%202.5407">。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>图形分析</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>图1显示了数据点、拟合线和残差（垂直虚线），直观展示了最小二乘估计的几何意义</li>
<li>图2显示了SSE函数关于 <img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/png.latex?%5Cbeta"> 的二次函数形状，最小值点对应OLS估计量</li>
</ul></li>
<li><p><strong>理论验证</strong>：通过验证SSE函数的二次形式，确认了数学推导的正确性。</p></li>
</ol>
<p>这个复现完整地展示了最小二乘估计的理论基础和实际应用，为后续多元回归的学习奠定了坚实基础。</p>


</section>

 ]]></description>
  <category>单方程模型</category>
  <category>OLS</category>
  <guid>https://hansenem.netlify.app/replication/chpt3-5-ls-one/</guid>
  <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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